Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essays

Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essays Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essay Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essay This essay will look at the function of protagonism in relation to stand foring the positions and involvements of people with rational disablements go toing a twenty-four hours service. It will briefly expression at the historical development of protagonism in general and so look in peculiar at corporate self-advocacy and citizen protagonism theoretical accounts and how these are employed for the societal inclusion of people with rational disablements. Day services for people with rational disablements are considered to be one of the major service suppliers but traditionally have contributed small to the publicity of societal inclusion and self-government ( Fyson and Ward, 2004:64 ) . Advocacy has a function in altering these services by working in partnership with service users to increase societal engagement and chances for mundane experiences such as employment and farther instruction ( Fyson and Ward, 2004 ) . From reexamining and reading literature on the subject it is clear that there is much argument as to what protagonism means. Bateman ( 2000 ) suggests that the different types of protagonism can all be interpreted otherwise and hence there is no cosmopolitan definition of protagonism. But all have a common subject ; assisting another individual obtain something from person with power ( Bateman, 2000:16 ) . The evolving of protagonism into the multi-model that it now is has come from citizen protagonism and the representation of citizen s positions ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . The cardinal rules within protagonism are regard for the client s position, as much authorization and as small dependence for the client as possible, facilitation of informed picks, the advocator to be independent and pick of protagonism for the client ( Woods, 2003:49 ) . A cardinal factor of protagonism is that it allows for the look of positions and wants of marginalised people who are frequently trusting on protagonism as a agency of making consciousness of societal issues but besides as a agency to measure their rights and entitlements ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . The attainment of rights is a cardinal portion of protagonism and that protagonism has a function in making consciousness of unfairnesss ( Bateman, 2000 ) . But in relation to people with disablements the rights are limited and are non enforceable by jurisprudence ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . A right can be defined as any claim that is morally merely or lawfully granted as allowable ( Final Report, 1995, cited in Forum for People With Disabilities, 2004:57 ) . Historically people with rational disablements have been socially excluded from society by bias and favoritism ( About Learning Disabilities, on the Web, neodymium ) . Social exclusion instead than societal inclusion was the norm where people with rational disablements were excluded from their communities by shacking in establishments outside the community and were non granted the same chances as others in the general population. Social inclusion in relation to people with disablements is to increase their engagement within society and to back up them to hold independent lives ( Office for Social Inclusion, 2003 ) . In relation to societal inclusion many administrations such as voluntary and community administrations have used the construct of recommending for their members to better societal inclusion and engagement ( Woods, 2003:21 ) . Traditionally the perceptual experiences sing people with disablements was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions but that these were challenged by disablement groups that rights held by other citizens to besides be attributed to people with disablements ( Barnes and Mercer, 2003 ) . The European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have a right to independence, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) . Advocacy in relation to people with rational disablements allows that each individual has value ( Gray and Jackson, 2002:9 ) , which is in direct contrast to the historical position held by society of devaluating people with rational disablements. That people with learning disablements are citizens with the same rights and duties as other citizens ( Gray and Jackson, 2002:10 ) . The most effectual theoretical account of protagonism is that which matches the service user s demands but there is frequently the demand to use more than one type of protagonism where the general overall purpose is to advance the attainment of accomplishments for self-advocacy ( Woods, 2003 ) . In relation to the demands of people with rational disablements they can be considered to be the most complex in that the disablement may non merely hold cognitive reverberations but physical disablements besides. The scopes of the rational disablement that they are sing can ensue in lessened ability to pass on and cognitive ability. The complexness of their disablements can ensue in limited chances for self-government and being excluded socially from society ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . A cardinal challenge for a individual with rational disablements is to be seen as an person that has the same rights and demands even though they have a greater dependence on their care-givers because of their rational disablement ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . Self-advocacy Model Self-advocacy can be employed for people with rational disablements and that administrations need to back up chances for self-government in relation to their lives ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . Self-advocacy is defined as a procedure in which an person, or group of people, speak or move on their ain behalf in chase of their ain demands and involvements ( Bateman, 2000:18 ) . Cardinal to self-advocacy is that the person should hold the accomplishments that allow them to stand for on their behalf ( Woods, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Bateman ( 2000:18 ) the most influential signifier of self-advocacy is that of corporate protagonism where people with similar demands come together as a group to seek a peculiar result the amount of the whole is greater than the amount of the single parts . The corporate self-advocacy theoretical account has some of its roots in trade unionism where during the 1940 s corporate protagonism took topographic point during the World War II to dispute the public assistance system. Civil rights motions during the 1960 s in America drove corporate self-advocacy sing the rights for marginalised people ( Bateman, 2000 ) . As societies have modernised the construct of community has been lost to the importance of the person but corporate self-advocacy is continually used by groups to convey alteration on a macro degree ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Corporate self-advocacy is frequently the most effectual signifier for people with rational disablements in that for many as an single standing entirely the picks that they have are to hold to the services on offer or have none ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . Group self-advocacy is of importance to people with rational disablements because it can supply the chances to derive accomplishments in communicating, increased assurance and to show their position in relation to their rights and wants ( Woods, 2003 ) . Shoultz ( 1992, cited in Woods, 2003 ) states that group protagonism can profit people who do non hold verbal communicating accomplishments to derive the assurance and accomplishments to recommend for the group and themselves. An illustration of corporate self-advocacy is People First, in Canada, People First have as a corporate self-advocacy theoretical account challenged that no individual with an rational disablement will be forcibly required to be sterilised ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Therefore in order to dispute favoritism that many people with disablements have joined corporate self-advocacy groups to contend societal unfairnesss ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . The features of corporate self-advocacy are that the group portion experiences and cognition to work together to turn to unfairnesss ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Corporate self-advocacy promotes action on a macro degree so that the huge bulk of the corporate group will profit from the corporate action that is being advocated for ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Woods ( 2003:36 ) supports this by saying corporate self-advocacy can straight alter services within an administration and can be a resource for covering with the daily issues of participants . An illustration of this in relation to the scenario of the twenty-four hours service could be that the persons together agree that a alteration in service bringing is required to heighten their independent life accomplishments such as larning to run the phones and take part as receptionists at the Centre as a agency to derive employment. There are different types of corporate self-advocacy but the most common are the groups based in services ( Woods, 2003:35 ) . This is where the group is within a Centre or service and by and large run into during a calendar month to discourse issues that are of concern to the group members. A cardinal worker or staff member may be needed to move as facilitator ( Woods, 2003 ) . A cardinal facet of self-advocacy in general is that it is driven by the individual and in this manner corporate self-advocacy groups frequently represent a peculiar issue or group ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Administrations such as St. Michael s House and Enable Ireland have group self-advocacy within their administrations ( Woods, 2003 ) . Corporate self-advocacy can frequently be the land ledgeman in proviso of protagonism services within an administration ( Woods, 2003 ) . Corporate self-advocacy could be viewed as a agency to back up inclusion and engagement by promoting individual power to impact on service development in general and to advance alterations in societal policies ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . In footings of engagement degrees group protagonism within an administration would be higher than other signifiers of group self-advocacy ( Woods, 2003 ) . A unfavorable judgment of collective or group self-advocacy in relation to people with rational disablements could be that the term self-advocacy implies that the individual is straight stand foring themselves. But that in world this is frequently non the instance as in order to self-advocate a individual with rational disablements frequently requires a professional individual to move as a support ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Besides in relation to group self-advocacy within a service a unfavorable judgment has been as to what grade are the picks made and available to the group members free from influence from the service and staff that may be easing the group protagonism meeting. Independent group self-advocacy off from the service has been suggested as a agency to take any possible service influence but that this may cut down the engagement as it is non based within the service that is being used. Another unfavorable judgment is that within the group self-advocacy that the focal point can be based on the positions and sentiments of the most verbally expressive service users and therefore may non reflect the group as a whole ( Woods, 2003 ) . Besides corporate or group self-advocacy although ab initio established to dispute for corporate demands or rights sometimes the group so becomes a service supplier which would dispute its objectiveness in relation to representation of wants ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Citizen Advocacy Model Another protagonism theoretical account that is considered to be effectual for people with rational disablements is citizen protagonism ( Woods, 2003 ) . Citizen protagonism relates to the persuasive and supportive activities of trained selected voluntaries and co-ordinating staffaˆÂ ¦ . working on behalf of people with disablements who are non in a good place to exert or support their rights as citizens ( Woods, 2003:40 ) . Citizen protagonism is considered to be supportive of people with rational disablements who are frequently more dependent on the services that they are using and frequently more dependent on other people to recommend on their behalf ( Walmsley, 2002 ) . Citizen protagonism developed in the 1960 s in America with the civil rights motion ( Bateman, 2001 ) . It was developed into the disablement sector as a consequence of parents with kids with disablements detecting that they received more relevant services when person acted on their behalf as an advocator ( Bateman, 2000 ) . OBrien ( 1987, cited in Bateman, 2000:24 ) suggests that citizen protagonism has at its nucleus the construct of the valued citizen who is non paid and is non a member of a service supplier administration. Woods ( 2003:40 ) besides supports the construct of the valued citizen as being person who does non hold a job acquiring heard, working with a individual who is discriminated against . Another component of citizen protagonism is that through citizen engagement actively recommending for the wants and rights of the individual that they are in bend ambitious traditional perceptual experiences of people marginalised within society to hold full inclusion and engagement as all citizens ( Forests, 2003 ) . The features of citizen protagonism are that the advocator is independent from the administration or service that the individual is utilizing or go toing, that the advocator is non a comparative and is non paid for recommending ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . The nature of the demands of a individual with important disablements would propose that citizen protagonism is best met when the advocator can back up in the long term ( Woods, 2003:41 ) . Peoples with rational disablements have changing degrees of demands and grades of rational disablement and citizen protagonism could be considered to be supportive of people with rational disablements who could be considered to hold greater demands ( Woods, 2003 ) . This theoretical account and has its foundation in standardization and societal function valorisation ( Walmsley, 2002:26 ) . Standardization being that people with disablements should hold chances to see mundane happenings ( Walmsley, 2002 ) . Examples of citizen protagonism are Ealing and Harrow Citizen Advocacy and the Galway Citizen Advocacy Project as cited by Woods, ( 2003 ) . The importance of citizen protagonism in relation to societal inclusion is that by working in partnership with the individual with rational disablements to hold every twenty-four hours chances as other members of the general population that it can cut down exclusion through its construct of giving value to the individual ( Fyson and Ward, 2004 ) . This can ensue in disputing the social position that with disablements are a homogenous group ( Butler and Forrest, 1991, cited in Bateman, 2000:25 ) . Citizen protagonism can be a agency of placing spreads in service proviso and challenge favoritism and soc ietal exclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . The advocator relationship develops over a long period of clip and that this creates chances to consistently back up the individual with rational disablements to construct their accomplishments and their self-belief ( Woods, 2003 ) . The citizen advocator has two maps one of stand foring the individual and secondly to move as a societal medium by the personal relationship that is established between the advocator and the individual ( Woods, 2003 ) . The existent volunteering of clip to make a relationship is an of import facet within citizen protagonism in that for many people with rational disablements the scope of societal chances available to them may be more limited than other people with disablements ( Woods, 2003 ) . A unfavorable judgment of citizen protagonism is that because of its voluntary nature that the advocator can be viewed by services to non hold the cognition or expertness to to the full recommend on behalf of the individual with rational disablements ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . Another unfavorable judgment is that struggle in footings of obtaining demands and rights can be an component of protagonism and that an inability to understand the map of struggle to make alteration can forestall citizen protagonism being effectual ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Some self-advocacy groups have criticised citizen protagonism that it is keeping the dependence prejudice that society assumes in relation to people with rational disablements ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Citizen protagonism which is frequently employed as a theoretical account for people with rational disablements has in its application supported that people with larning troubles need the intercession of able-bodied advoc ators if their wants are to be taken earnestly ( Pochin, 2002:107 ) . But citizen protagonism could be considered to be supportive of societal inclusion by its construct of valuing all people and advancing community engagement ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . Another unfavorable judgment is that citizen protagonism requires clip and committedness from the advocator and that a challenge is to happen citizens that have the clip available to give ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . Decision In decision protagonism should include that every person should be listened to and to hold an active portion sing the results of their life ( Woods, 2003 ) . Advocacy has at its nucleus the attainment of rights and demands ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Social inclusion could be considered to be supported by the rules of protagonism that promote authorization and pick for people with rational disablements ( Woods, 2003 ) . But for both protagonism theoretical accounts in relation to people with rational disablements the greatest challenge seems to be that of asseverating their right whether moral or legal to avail of the mundane chances that the general population can see ( Forum of People With Disabilities, 2001 ) . That society by and large inquiries the ability of a individual with rational disablements to self-determine and this has impacted on the development of protagonism theoretical accounts for people with rational disablements ( Gray and Jackson, 2002 ) . The proviso of protagonism se rvices for people with rational disablements although trying to dispute inequalities that unless people with disablements have a legalised right to services that protagonism is meaningless without rights ( Bateman, 2000:43 ) . That by non implementing rights sing services and no proper resort through the legal system because these services are non rights that protagonism can non be genuinely effectual in back uping societal inclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . That implementing rights to services would back up the client going the consumer and could be an effectual manner of utilizing protagonism to make societal inclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . A challenge for both theoretical accounts is the support required is frequently allocated to other supports and this can be contributed in some ways to the fact that protagonism is non universally defined and is non universally legislated for ( Bateman, 2000 ) .

The MEK lubricant and de

The MEK lubricant and de Introduction A lubricant’s de-waxing process involves removal of paraffinic hydrocarbons so as to improve the pour point of the feed stock. The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature in which oil can flow, pour or move when refrigerated or cooled without disruption under certain fixed conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More De-waxing produces high yields of products of improved quality base oils. Waxes require isomerization for their conversion into lubricant base oils. De-waxing processes create pure un-branched hydrocarbon chains without either aromatic contents or unwanted hetero-atoms in gas to liquid (GTL) processes (Gary Handwerk, 2001).During the de-waxing process, the solvent is subjected to a mixture of the waxy oil. In the catalytic de-waxing mechanism, wax components are reduced in the reaction to recapture the de-waxed oil molecules. A de-waxing process involves prior solvent extraction before the process is done. Heavy gas and oil from a refinery that is usually at very high temperatures is usually the feed stream. The gas is usually at high temperatures of 95 degrees Fahrenheit. This fact allows the feedstock not to crystallize. Shock treatment can cause formation of small crystals by the wax which would block the filter cloth during filtration process hence lowing wax recovery (Speight, 2010). The solvent is usually of equal temperature with the wax stream. It is then filtered through rotary filters. The primary rotary filter separates the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. The de-waxed oil stream undergoes heat integration and continues to solvent recovery process. The wax or oil stream proceeds to the secondary filter. Here, it is separated into mostly solvent and wax with 3wt% oil content. The oily wax is de-oiled by re-melting to release trapped oil. The final filteri ng step is the tertiary filter. It separates waxes into hard and soft ones. Soft wax is recycled and hard one is re-slurred and purified to food grade wax. De-waxing products can be categorized into two: 1. Base oil which is used to make lube oil for automotive and industrial lubricants and for production of automatic transmission fluids.2. Food grade wax which is used to produce sealants. Crayons, cosmetics, foods and candles are also produced from this wax. Lubricants’ oil de-waxing methods Lubricant manufacturers may use either catalytic or urea de-waxing or solvent waxing. During the catalytic de-waxing process, there is usually selective removal of lighter non- normal hydrocarbons and also an even removal of normal paraffin. Urea de-waxing is normally used to produce low pour points using urea.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process of de-waxing is good for recovering refrigeration and transformer oils because no refrigeration is required. It is important to include a desirable solvent because urea has no MEK properties. The viscosity of the oil has negative results in its contact between oil and urea. Difficulties are encountered during filtration, hence the addition of solvents. MSDW’s process This process uses a two-stage cascade system. It is shaped like a selective de-waxing catalyst in the second stage (Fleig, 2005). This system is highly flexible and functions with hydrogen pressures between 27 to 207 bars. The waxy oil and the hydrogen are mixed and then heated. They are then directed to the top of the de-waxing reactor. Downstream, the by-products which are basically low sulfur distillate, high-octane, naphtha and hydrogen-rich recycled gas are separated from the lube base oil (Pujado Jones, 2006). Propylene- acetone’s de-waxing process Propylene and acetone is the solvent mixture in this process. This process is adaptable to de-waxing plants that utilize propane instead of MEK (Fahim, Al-ShhafElkilani, 2009).Crystallization as a process is complex as it is usually determined by the rate of cooling of crystals. High and low cooling has an impact of the speed of the crystallization process and the quality of formed crystals. Propane is widely available as a byproduct in refineries and therefore its utilization is easier. This process leads to production of elements with low pour points, low refrigeration loads and reduced filter usages. Industrial technological research should focus on creation of catalysts that enhance the de-waxing of propylene and acetone instead of overreliance on products like propane. This fact would ensure that the performance of the solvent raw materials in this process is enhanced. MEK de-waxing method Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) is an anti-oil solvent and thus dissolves little wax at low temperatures. It is a wax precipitating agent. Toluene is an oil solve nt that dissolves the oil. At low temperatures, it maintains fluidity. A combination of major solvents is used in solvent de-waxing. MEK has become the most commonly used anti solvent in modern times but over reliance on it could lead to possible depletion of raw materials used in making it and consequent production of counterfeit products in the market. Industrial experts have advised that more research should be done to create new anti-oil solvents to complement the use of MEK. Nature of MEK de-waxing MEK has a poor solvent power and selectivity of paraffinic elements. It precipitates the wax leaving the de-waxed base oil. Studies have shown that the combination of toluene and MEK solvents in de-waxing processes causes an optimum wax precipitation of 40-75 v %. With increased MEK, the oil’s viscosity index increases but the solid point is maintained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process of MEK Flow diagram shows a de-waxing process The solvents used in this process are MEK and toluene which are mixed with the wax or oil stream feed. The feedstock is usually of high temperature; about 95Â °Farenheit therefore, the solvent added should have corresponding temperature. The solvent of the same temperature is again added. This fact prevents shock treatment. The mixture is then filtered through the rotary filters which separate the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. Process variables MEK is highly preferred because of its distinct anti-oil solvent characteristic. All the other solvents have almost similar properties but MEK or toluene combination is the most commonly used one in refineries. High solvent as opposed to oil use improves the process of filtration. A high solvent facilitates faster crystal growth reducing the viscous nature of the varied streams. At 100 wt. % MEK, there is a signifi cant wax recovery. High cooling rates have been reported to form undesirable wax that is hard to filter since it blocks the filters. Surface pressure exchanger The heat exchanger is used for crystallization of the wax. The process involves the use of the mid of the heat exchanger, the heated stream flows inside as the coolant flows on the outside. Wax crystals form slowly as the stream cools (Prestoris, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact shows that there is usually poor heat conduction between the waxy feed and the coolant due to the formation of wax crystals. The surface heat exchanger contains scraper blades which are usually inconstant rotation (Gary et al, 2007). Their rotation removes clogged wax inside the pipe. This fact allows formation of more wax crystals. Figure 1 shows a surface heat exchanger Vacuum rotary filter Vacuum rotary filters are drums with a vacuum inside them covered by cloth. This fact prevents entry of the wax into the drum as the oil seeps in. This process removes any oil that might have been left in the wax. As the drum rotates, the scrapers remove the wax. It is deposited into a collection basin where it is re-slurred and re-melted with more solvent. It is used in separation of aromatic impurities and naphthalene by precipitation or dissolving of the components. Filters’ process operation In its operation; liquid is sent to tube units set below a drum. The drum cycles th rough the liquid and the vacuum pulls the solids away from the liquid into the drum pre-coat system. The liquid sucked through the filter causes the solid to stick to the outer surface of the drum. Figure 2 shows a vacuum rotary filter Maintenance and protection of the system Maintenance and protection of the system has to involve the maintenance of the various filters. The oil or the coolant filters has to be changed after every 500 hours so that they can clean away the contaminants. The oil separator has to be changed with change in oil for it to separate oil from air effectively. The drive belt has to be changed after 800 hours for effective performance. Other equipments used in this process include chillers with heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place. The others are the de-waxed oil and slack wax evaporators. Features of the vacuum rotary filters Their features include drum, val ve, drum deck, filter cloth, internal piping, agitator and the tank. These features are small in size and structure to facilitate faster operation. They are powerful and suffer low labor intensity making them easy to operate. The drum is supported by the trunnion which is set at the end of valve. It helps in formation of the vacuum cell at the bearing end. The valves are used to regulate the cycle sequence. Each portion is exposed to the vacuum, the dead zone and the blow. The valve contains adjustments blocks and fixed forms which creates the drying ratio in the filtration process. The internal piping can be single or double row piping to facilitate the channeling of the filtrates, steam and waste. The drum deck is separated into compartments waved to the vacuum or the rotating drum. The filter cloth acts as the cake tied to the drum face and it’s made from propylene or polyester. The agitator suspends the sludge material as the tank houses the drum and the agitator. Vacuum and rotary filters’ process variables The process variables in rotary filtration involve temperature, pressure, solid content and particle size and distribution (Parkas, 2003). The variables define the present status of the process. The temperature is usually maintained high with operational temperatures going as high as 2000C. High temperatures are required for distillation, evaporation and thermal breakdown. Pressure is crucial and is maintained at 6 bars with the pressure filters taking different timing like 10 minutes for cake application and 8 hours for polishing. The solid contents take about 50% or more of the weight with the particle distribution being 1 to 2 microtones. Chillers These equipments are heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place (Lum, 2011). They are specially designed to scrap out the wax deposits in the heat exchanger surface so as to have efficient heat tr ansfer. Chilling involves direct heat transfer. Evaporators The evaporator is used in recovery of the solvent from the de-waxed oil and wax. Components include the motor which rotates the evaporating flask, vapor duct that channels the sample, vacuum system that reduces pressure, water bath for heating the sample and the condenser that acts as a coolant. Solvent recovery system The solvent recovery system supplies parts and services for recycling equipment, wastewater treatment and washing of parts. The process reduces the cost of disposing solvents and waste water charges. The solvent recovery system involves the following process as shown in the diagram. Solvent used The solvent de-waxing stem involves MEK, toluene, propane benzene ,methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, sulfur dioxide and cyclohexane.MEK is used in industries in the dissolution of wax at low temperatures. MEK toluene propane benzene butane Boiling point(0C) 79.64 110.62 -43.7 31.1 31.1 Freezing(0C) poi nt -86.69 -94.99 -09.8 5.5 -2.17 Molecular weight 72.11 92.14 44.10 78.11 58.92 Vapor pressure(Torre) 74 28.5 0.13 0 o A graphical comparison of the various solvents as per the table is as follows Feedstock From Process Typical products to unit Lube base stock Vacuum tower Treating De-waxed lubes To Hydro-treating Wax To Hydro-treating Spent agents To Treatment or recycle Table : 24.2 Hydrocarbons Compounds derived Methane Methyl chloride, chloroform, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, freon, hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia. Ethane Ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethylene, ethyl acetate, nitro ethane, acetic anhydride. Ethylene Ethanol, ethylene oxide, glycol, vinyl chloride, glyoxalin, polyethene, styrene, butadiene, acetic acid. Propane Propanol, propionic acid, isopropyl ether, acetone, nitro methane, nitro ethane, nitro propane. Propylene Glycerol, alkyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acrolein, nitroglycerine, dodecyl benzene, cumin, Bakelite. Hexane Benzene, DDT, gammexane. Heptane Toluene Cycloalkanes Benzene, toluene, xylenes, adipic acid. Benzene Ethyl benzene, styrene, phenol, BHC (insecticide), adipic acid, nylon, cyclohexane, ABS detergents. Toluene Benzoic acid, TNT Benz aldehyde, saccharin, chloramine-T, benzyl chloride, benzyl chloride. A new development in lubricants’ de-waxing processes The industry is facing a lot of development with respect to technological advancement. Nowadays, there is greater use of the skill in solvent extraction. Industries are producing edible vegetable oil from oil seeds and protein units that are nutritious and economically viable. Capital investment is prioritized. The industry is making efforts in investment and money making through incorporation of various ideas in respect to this industry. The food industry also applies the PEG-NaCl system to fragment small molecules like nucleic acids and peptides. Information on DNA purifi cation is important in generating biotechnological purified genetically material. Conclusion The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method have proven to be useful industrial components (Favennec, 2001). More research should be done to improve their performance in industrial processes. The government should allocate more funds to safeguard industrialists from fraudulent people who sell counterfeit products hence reducing the marketability of the MEK lubricant. The de-waxing method has also proved to be a resourceful one and scholars should devise easier ways of understanding the solvent extraction system, heat exchanger and the functioning of the filters because it is important considering that health and ethical standards have to be adhered to. References Fahim, A.M., Al-Shhaf, A.TElkilani, A. (2009).Fundamentals of petroleum refining. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Favennec, J.P. (2001).Petroleum Refining, Refinery operation and management.Paris, France: Editions Technip. Flei g, F. (2005).Oil Empire: Visions of prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies. Harvard, United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. Gary, J. et al. (2007).Petroleum refining: technology and economic. New York, USA: CRC Press. Gary, H.J., Handwerk, E.G. (2001).Petroleum Refining. New York City, USA: Routledge Taylor Francis. Lum, G. (2011).The negotiation field book. Simple strategies to help one negotiate everything. New York City, USA: McGraw-Hill companies. Parkas, S. (2003).Refining process hand book. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Science. Prestoris, A. (2004).Compositional Analysis of Naphtha and Reformats. New York, USA: CRC Press, Pujado, R.P., Jones, J.S. (2006).Handbook of petroleum. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Springer. Speight, G.J. (2010).The refinery of future. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science.

Database Secuirty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Database Secuirty - Coursework Example As such, the company ought to put in place structures that will ensure information security in two main ways, (1) authentication and authorization, and (2) general policies and procedures. The firm’s database containing all information pertaining to tenants and other aspects of the business will be stored in two main servers. These servers will be accessible by all tenants and building managers. Every database user will have a login account that will allow them access to the database. There are two general types of accounts, (1) tenant accounts for tenants, and (2) manager accounts for building managers. Each account will determine the scope of information that the given user is allowed. While manager accounts will have administrator privileges, tenant accounts will have very limited access to the database. Each login account will have a password that will be created by each user upon creation of the account. A firewall is in essence a baseline control for the securing of any network environment of any enterprise. Routers are usually integrated with a firewall. Examples include software based packet filtration and Network Address Translation. A distinct firewall that is hardware based is recommended. This is due to the disturbing fact that hackers in this time and age employ advanced technology and methodologies that they use to breach networks. A good example of this is APT (Advanced Persistent Threats). These employ advanced phishing techniques and complex algorithms. The threat posed by such security menaces may damage a company’s reputation or compromise the integrity of its confidential information, causing it to lose clientele as banks would in the case where credit card numbers are leaked. The use of a firewall supplemented by an antivirus is not sufficient to ensure information security. An intrusion detection system will be put in place. An intrusion detection system is vital for the

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to Essay

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to promote fashion - Essay Example Fashion advertisement can be done on the television, on radio stations, on social sites, on product labels, on billboards and many other channels. Use of celebrities in advertising is very essential and captures the minds of many people in the society. It creates a perception that a product is the best in the range of related products, which increases demand of a product, its sales, and profits (Mehta 199). There are many theories related to the study of media and all try to explain its impact in advertising, and the perceptions related to its use. The first theory is the uses and gratification theory, which states that people use advertised products for gratification (Karina). The public can use a product so that they can relate to the celebrity used to promote the product. The association with a celebrity gives them a sense of belonging and gratification (Karina). The theory also states that people use a product to help them for diversion to escape from problems, for personal identity, and for surveillance of important tricks for survival. People tend to use products that are associated with successful celebrities so that they can feel safe and away from their problems. It gives them a sense of belonging and fulfilment in life. According to this theory, use of products that are associated with a particular celebrity increases ones self-esteem and self-worth (Karina). The hypodermic needle model is also another theory related to the use of media and suggests that media audience always has trust and loyalty to media such that they do not pose any challenges or have doubts about the information they are given (Karina). According to this theory, the audience takes in any information supported by a celebrity and believes it as the truth. The public has strong belief in celebrities and assume that products the celebrity uses will also work on them

Task 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 2 - Assignment Example At least 4 % of residents in Australia are suffering from diabetes i.e. 990,000 people. However, the rate has risen by a rate of 1.5 from 1990 hence, the need to make it a national priority. Pregnancies that are associated with diabetes are 44,000 women between 2005 to 2007 thus associated complications. Risk factors include overweight and obesity while people suffering have increased chances of cardiovascular diseases. Many funds are spent in treatment. 1,507 million dollars were spent in treatment between 2008 and 2009 (Cunningham et al, 8). Mental health is a large cause of disability accounting for 24 % of total years lost due to disability in Australia and is becoming increasingly apparent. An estimation of 3.2 million people in Australia has a mental disorder aged between 16 to 85 years. The mental health services report provides recent information on characteristics and activity of mental health care services. The mental and palliative care is responsible for analysing and r eporting mental health care service information contained in reports. However, mental illness has been associated with dementia, cardiovascular disease and alcohol abuse (Tempier et al, 2009). Australian government health priorities for a nursing profession have the aim of improving the health care outcomes of all members in the country and ensuring sustainability of the health system by the implementation of the National Health Reform Agreement. A registered nurse ought to show competence at the work place with appropriate skills and knowledge. He should have the abilities of working interdependently and show responsibility and accountability for their practice. A nurse ought to respect all and should be well trained. In the study, mental health and diabetes are the identified government health priorities. However, these will have some implication on the nursing priority influence on healthcare delivery. Diabetes implications call for the development of sensitization

The Analysis Of The Crimson Shadow

The Analysis Of The Crimson Shadow The Crimson Shadow, by Walter Mosley, is a short story that depicts a lengthy morning encounter between two disparate, yet similar souls. It is a twining of events that connect and capture, evade, and then reunite under the bonds of commonality. The protagonist, an aging ex-convict who goes by the name Socrates, finds that a young man, a boy, really, has killed a rooster that resides across the alley, and someone he had considered his friend. Darryl, the boy who has committed the misdeed is an obvious product of his environment, struggling to survive the mean streets of Los Angeles, and who, at a very tender age, has also become its victim. The elements which make up this story are striking, and develop rapidly into a tightly woven interlude which allows the analysis of New Criticism to be utilized well, enabling an investigation which clarifies the components that help to create this piece. Both characters depict a sense of loss and tragedy, but also possess a keen intellect which helps them to overcome the depravity of their surroundings. When Socrates first realizes that Billy, the rooster to whom he had become attached-his crowing that had awakened him each morning for the past eight years has not been heard-he investigates by going out to where the bird lives, only to find that his head has been badly mangled by the serrated blade of a steak knife. When he sees Darryl move out of the shadows of the morning, he understands immediately that some wrong has been committed. The old man is, at first, justifiably angry at the fact that a senseless act of violence has been done, a crime committed by a troublemaking kid out to cash in on someone elses misfortune the boy has created; but the two have a shared past that connects them in more ways than either can initially appreciate. As the morning wears on, and Socrates gets to know the boy and his situation a bit better, the ex-con sees that the youngster and he have more in common than he would, possibly, like to admit. When Socrates gets the boy into his kitchen, and the two begin to talk, the elder sees how similar their situations are. Both have committed heinous crimes, that of murder, and he uses the time to try and reason with the boy as to the path hes headed toward, first, enticing him to open up when the man realizes his accusations of having killed his friend have the boy visibly nervous, and then understanding that its not only the rooster he has killed, but also another mentally challenged young man who wouldnt leave him and his friends alone. Although it was an accident, and Socrates tells him so, the older man sympathizes with Darryl, telling him that he is welcome in his home whenever he likes, this, an indication of his compassion, and perhaps of his empathy, with the boy. The setting of Crimson Shadow is marked by crushing poverty, the description of what is Socrates home scarred by time and neglect. Its depiction and its imagery are stark, as witnessed by the cabinets that are now simply shelves, the doors having been torn off, and the magenta tiles that have faded to grey. A red spider spins her web above a naked bulb that shines above a photo of a woman Socrates once knew. The use of sharp and focused vocabulary that prime colors and distinctive smells evoke is also prevalent and speaks of a harsh reality. When the boy enters the two room shack, he looks at the red spider, and the women in the picture who also wears a red hat and a red dress, which, as the sun shines down upon her, throws a similarly red, or crimson, shadow across her face, indicating heat, or maybe wrath at the wrong committed by Socrates. The picture also contains the primary colors of yellow and blue, as well, those of the sun and the sky, which can similarly indicate the simpli city of how these two must survive: only with the mixing of other elements can the blending and shading of emancipation occur. When the old man begins cooking the equally-aged rooster, the well-defined description of the ingredients used, tomatoes, basil, and garlic, each possess their own and equally pronounced hue and aroma, a luxury that both men revel in and that can help to begin to express a possible solution to their bleak existence. The tension is tightly woven into the Crimson Shadow, especially in the beginning, when Socrates confronts his much younger and much weaker opponent in the alley. His big hands, known as rock breakers, are seen as weapons, able to crush the young boy with a single blow, and his apparent time spent in prison is evidence enough that he is a disreputable man capable of both creating and enduring great harm. The story is immediately suspenseful when he realizes his friend, Billy the rooster, has been killed, but because he is an ex-convict who quickly acquires the position of a moral and upstanding citizen, a man who is eventually looked upon, ironically, as a role model, he is the protagonist, and as such, can be considered an anti-hero. This irony and its resulting paradox are, however, resolved in the end, when both boy and man agree, silently, to become friends in this hostile world they must both inhabit. The killing of the innocent rooster, as well as of the innocent young boy who would not leave Darryl and his friend alone, are both necessary catalysts for both Socrates and Darryl, for if the two are to survive at all, they need each other in an essential, yet obscure manner, a mirror in which Darryl is able to see himself, yet set himself apart from the man that Socrates has become. The name, too, that Socrates owns, is but a taunting mockery that he must live with, ever knowing, but forever damned. It is also essential for one to observe the discussion Socrates initiates when speaking to the young man, for this is indicative of a common theme seen throughout literature; that of the wizened elder, competent and worldly, offering advice to the younger, less experienced, and woeful Darryl. His advice, although unwanted and disregarded at first, is deemed highly authoritative and even indispensable later, when Darryl finds himself floundering at the mercy of his actions, a child in the hands of fate, ignorant and vulnerable. He decides that since Socrates might just well have power over his destiny, he might have power over his own. In the end, the utilization of the New Criticism theory in the analysis of the Crimson Shadow, by Walter Mosley, is quite effective in understanding the elements used in the creation of this work. Characterization, setting, imagery, theme, and dialog, all come together in unison to produce an effective tool in the dissection and ultimate recovery of this short story, especially taken individually, which allows the reader to view through a lucid and comprehensible lens, a work of innate truth and redemption.

Figures of speech in The Fall of the House of Usher -- Essays Papers

Figures of speech in The Fall of the House of Usher Edgar Allen Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, sets a tone that is dark, gloomy, and threatening. His inclusion of highly descriptive words and various forms of figurative language enhance the story’s evil nature, giving the house and its inhabitants eerie and â€Å"supernatural† qualities. Poe’s effective use of personification, symbolism, foreshadowing, and doubling create a morbid tale leading to, and ultimately causing, the fall of (the house of) Usher. Poe’s use of personification, the act of giving human characteristics to nonhuman things, assigns the house of Usher a powerful and evil presence. In the first paragraph of the story, the narrator describes the house as having â€Å"vacant eye-like windows†. He uses this description twice: first to show that the house has seen everything that has led to the fall of Usher, and again to emphasize the unidentified deception of the house. The narrator also describes his negative reaction to the house as a â€Å"hideous dropping off of the veil†. This statement describes what the house has revealed to the narrator, a disgusting and disappointing appearance. Poe also uses symbolism to compare the deterioration of the house to the fall of the Usher dynasty. In Roderick’s poem, â€Å"The Haunted Palace†, he describes the history of the house as it began as a strong and â€Å"radiant palace†, which over time became a decrepit, disease-ridden cage. The radiant palace repres...

Proposal and Restructuring of the Middle Management

We propose a restructuring at the middle management level that will allow an increase in budget funds for i. e. pay raises, faster decision making process, and overall increase in employee morale, which in most cases equals higher productivity. In this proposed structure there would be an increase in responsibility for the general manager, office manager, and supervisor. Create a faster decision-making rocess, and a better working environment. By dissolving the sales, and rental manager†s positions. It would free up excess of $ 70,000 per year and the staff would report to one manager. The office manager†s responsibilities would increase, and the staff would now consist of approximately six individuals. He would report directly to the general manager. By dissolving the operations manager†s position it would free excess of $ 45,000 per year. The supervisor would inherit his duties and responsibilities, which are almost identical without the expensive price tag, and his staff would consist of twelve technicians. He would report directly to the general manager. By restructuring in this manner, the decisions making process will become more fluid, overall responsibilities will and should be increased, and finally morale and productivity will increase. Which will benefit the company short and long term.

New Meaning for Ingest

New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest By Maeve Maddox A reader has alerted me to a new use of the verb ingest: Feed is a suite of tools to assist in preparing content for ingest into HathiTrust. I found additional examples of this incomprehensible use of ingest in what are clearly technical contexts: High Speed Smart Data Ingest into Hadoop Fedora digital objects can be encoded in several XML formats for ingest and export. I was ingesting with the cli interface by creating a file that is cli commands Since the 17th century, ingest has been used in English with the meaning â€Å"to take in food.† Substances other than food are also said to be ingested. In reference to human beings, ingest is a clinical term for â€Å"to eat† or â€Å"to swallow.† In figurative usage, it can be simply to â€Å"to take in† or â€Å"to absorb.† For example, birds are said to be â€Å"ingested† by jet engines. A student â€Å"ingests† information.† Here are some examples that illustrate the usual meaning of the verb and its different forms: Children ingest considerable amounts of soil Foreign body ingestion is not uncommon in clinical practice, and it may occasionally lead to penetration injuries. The Nature of the Ingested Protein Has No Effect on Lean Body Mass During Energy Restriction in Overweight Rats American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) gives important instructions about what to do if a child has ingested poison. ‘Miami Zombie’ Didn’t Ingest Bath Salts Confirms Autopsy In the context of computer science, ingest seems to have acquired a meaning similar to input. I found this definition of the term â€Å"data ingestion† at TechTarget: Data ingestion is the process of obtaining, importing, and processing data for later use or storage in a database. This process often involves altering individual files by editing their content and/or formatting them to fit into a larger document. I often have the feeling that some of the changes in usage like this unfamiliar meaning for ingest are driven by non-native English speakers who translate words from their own languages into English words that don’t necessarily have the same meaning in English. For example, the German verb einnehmen can be translated as â€Å"to partake of a meal,† but it also means â€Å"to get, receive, collect,† meanings that certainly go along with the definition of â€Å"data ingestion.† Apart from computer jargon, ingest still means â€Å"to swallow, to consume, to take by mouth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsThat vs. WhichMay Have vs. Might Have

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Essay Topic: Law In this essay I will explain the role of the law commission and discuss the role played by pressure groups and judges with regard to law reform. The law commission is made up of five people from the judiciary, the legal profession and legal academies. Generally the chairman is a high court judge and the other four include a QC experienced in criminal law, a solicitor with experience in land law and equity and two legal academics. They are assisted by legally qualified civil servants. It was set up in 1965 with its main task to be codification. In 1965 it was announced that it would begin codifying family law, contract, landlord and tenant and evidence. This wasnt its only task though, under the law commissions act 1965 the law commission was also meant to remove anomalies from the law, repeal obsolete and unnecessary legislation, consolidate the law and finally simplify and modernize the law. It operates on projects referred to it by the Lord Chancellor or government department, at times it may also work on projects itself feels necessary for consideration. Normally a project will begin with a study of the area of law in question and attempt to identify its defects. Foreign legal systems may be looked at to see how they deal with similar issues. Then it publishes a consultation paper inviting comments, it describes present law and sets out possible options for reform. The commissions final recommendations are in a report containing a draft bill where legislation is proposed. The government then decides if it accepts the recommendations of the law commission. If it does it is down to them to introduce any necessary bills in parliament. Personally I think the law commission was weak in some areas and stronger in others. For example they didnt do very well with codification, although they were set a list of laws to codify attempts for the first few were abandoned and the last one never even begun. It is thought that the reason for this is that they realized it wasnt going to work and it didnt fit in with law making in our country. Zander suggests it was down to a mixture of conservatism and realisation on part of the draftsman, legislators and even judges that it simply didnt fit the English style of lawmaking. Although they did better with contract law, they have radically changed it by recommending control of exclusion clauses which led to the unfair contract terms act 1977, they helped in many other situations as well. A pressure group is an organized group that seeks to influence government policy or legislation. Although the term pressure groups implies they use force not all of them do, different groups have different methods. Their aim is to influence people who have the power to make decisions. Some choose to lobby MPs gaining as much publicity as possible for their cause; others may organize petitions or encourage people to write to their own MP and/or minister. Some groups tend to be more effective than others, size or persistence may be the reason for some groups success. Examples include justice a group concerned with promoting law reform in general and charities such as help the aged and shelter. As well as pressure groups and other organizations the public generally make their opinions known to MPs, ministers and to newspapers. This can lead to reform; another thing that has a great impact on reform is the media as it claims to reflect what the public think in general. Although much law reform happens as a response to pressure from one or more sources agencies such as the law commission are set up to deal with area of law referred to them by the government. The majority of law reform is carried out by parliament and is done in four ways. The first one is repeal, then creation, consolidation and finally codification.

Is Hamlet Really Insane... Do I think Hamlet Is Insane Essay

Is Hamlet Really Insane... Do I think Hamlet Is Insane - Essay Example However, he is not mad at all. Hamlet is quite a rational character but he is unable to fight with his circumstances that are all against him. Hamlet, after listening to his father’s ghost’s information about his murder and Claudius’s conspiracy against him tries to sort out the issue and avenge Claudius for his crime. He delays in taking action considering the moral issues involving the whole plan due to which, he overly speculates over the whole situation. It is due to his overly speculative nature that everyone in the court doubts about his mental state. For Hamlet, all the situations that have occurred to him have caused him to hate the world around him as he says, Hamlet thinks that his mother has committed an incestuous act by marrying Claudius soon after his father’s death. Not only has she deprived Hamlet with her motherly love but also snatched the right of being a king after his father’s death. She was unable to understand the melancholy of Hamlet at his father’s death and at her hurried marriage. He goes into a depressed state considering his inability to solve the problems of his life. Even Hamlet is unable to take revenge against Claudius in a timely manner due to which, he is considered as a mad character. He delays in taking action against Claudius, his father’s murderer and his this act dragged him into a more depressed and melancholic state. Hamlet is also a moral character because in killing Claudius, he thinks moralistically and is unable to kill him when he gets a chance when Claudius is praying. Hamlet has seven soliloquies in the play that confirm to the fact that he is not mad at all. His words have profound meanings in them and his exploratory mind is quite evident from his soliloquies. The consideration of Hamlet as an insane character is quite wrong as he is quite perfect in his mental approach and it is

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in Essay

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in engines for transport, produce airborne emissions of environmental concern - Essay Example Acid rain is due to the presence in the atmosphere of SO2 and NOx which, after a series of reactions, are deposited as nitric and sulphuric acid in the form of rain. Particulate matter is known to cause serious respiratory diseases. Carbon sequestration is a method that allows the reduction of CO2 by capturing it at its source (e.g. a power plant) and storing it in non-atmospheric reservoirs such as geologic or oceanic reservoirs (Herzog). The Sleipner project is a working example of carbon sequestration technology. Off the coast of Norway in the North Sea, it is in fact the world's first commercial CO2 capture and storage project collecting about one million metric tons of CO2 each year since it was opened in 1996 (Sleipner CO2 project). The term "scrubber" is used to refer to a group of air pollution control devices that aid the removal of fine particles and/or gases (especially acid gases) from industrial exhaust streams. Scrubbers work by either physically removing substances from the exhaust gas stream or by chemically neutralising them so that they cannot do any harm once released into the environment. Wet scrubbing is used to clean gases from pollutants and particulates by putting in contact the exhaust gas stream with the scrubbing solution. The scrubbing solution can simply be water for the removal of dust or a chemical solution which contains reagents that can specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution. 2.2. Dry scrubbing Dry scrubbing is generally used to remove acid gases, such as SO2, primarily from combustion sources. All dry scrubbing systems consist of two main devices: 1) a device to introduce a solid sorbent material into the gas stream; and 2) a particulate control device to remove reaction products, excess sorbent material, any particulate matter already in the flue gas. 2.3. Seawater scrubbing The natural buffering capacity of seawater can be taken advantage of by using it as a sorbent in a scrubbing system. When SO2 comes into contact with seawater a reaction takes place between the SO2 and the CaCO3 present in the seawater, producing CaSO4 and CO2. This reaction is complete in a very short time, so the equipment required for seawater scrubbing can be compact. 3. NOx 3.1. Primary measures Primary measures can be applied pre-combustion. In Bowin low NOx technology, air and