A Study of Genetic Disorders - 2534 Words

Genetic Disorders Introduction Birth defects or genetic disorders can be defined as the presence of the deformities or deficiencies in the physical or cerebral formation or function of a child at birth. These disorders range from inconsequential to critically collapsing or life-threatening. A major imperfection of some type happens to be present in just about three percent of all births. Some defects like Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, sickle cell disease, and hemophilia are genetic in origin. On the other hand, some defects like rubella, gonorrhea and syphilis may be caused by infections. Other agents that could cause malformation include drugs or hormones taken by the mother during pregnancy. A defect can also occur in the baby if there is a history of maternal illnesses such as diabetes. The developing fetus can also be affected due to the kind of nutrition mother consumes. If a woman drinks alcohol, uses drugs or smokes, her children are likely to be born defected. In some cases, when a pregnant woman is e xposed to toxic chemicals and radiation, the developing fetus is expected to develop poorly. If the male parent is used to of smoking, takes drugs, or is exposed to toxic chemicals, all such things can damage his sperm. This defected sperm may transfer the defect to the embryo in fertilization. Some disorders appear if the mother or father is older. The older age elevates the chances age-related gene mutations. Now the scientific technology has become so advancedShow MoreRelatedEssay On Genetics And Anxiety Disorders882 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics and Anxiety Disorders Everyone with any mental health disorder always wonders if linkage of genetics is part of the disorder they have. People have said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that anxiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts to identify the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disordersRead MoreBipolar Disorder ( Bipolar )829 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder is an often devastating mental illnesses, with high emotional, social and economic impact on the lives of patients and family members [Jin and McCrone, 2015; Miller et al., 2014]. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in developing diagnostic methods for reliably diagnosing severe bipolar disorder (bipolar disorder type I) and some related bipolar â€Å"spectrum† disorders (bipolar type II disorder), and there has also bee n recent progress in identifying some of the geneticRead MoreThe Genetic Components Of Various Personality Disorders1451 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as a personality disorder (Stoddart, n.d.). Personality disorders are long-term behaviours and are usually exhibited in late childhood or adolescence and can continue into adulthood; it can cause a great amount of distress and impairment to an individual (Rubin, 2011). Genetics is the study of inherited characteristics and variations in genes amongst individuals (Genetics, n.d.). It is believed to play a large role in determining and underpinning many personality disorders. This essay will beRead MoreGenetics And Genetics Essay797 Words   |  4 Pageshealth disorder always wonders if genetics can be linked to the disorder they have. It has been said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that an xiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts identifying the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disorders establish any independent suspicious loci, but any genetic studyRead MoreAnetylysis Case Study797 Words   |  4 Pageshealth disorder always wonders if genetics can be linked to the disorder they have. It has been said that risk of genetics being a factor in anxiety disorders is less likely to be a switch more than a problematic mix of genetics that can put a person at risk. Researchers have said that anxiety disorders can be due to hostile childhood experiences. Efforts identifying the specific DNA mutations to the heritability of anxiety disorders establish any independent suspicious loci, but any genetic studyRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture : Adolescence Eating Disorders1735 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ROLE OF NATURE AND NURTURE IN ADOLESCENCE EATING DISORDERS Written for Portage Learning Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology Introduction Eating disorders are complex of medical and psychiatric disorders, it can affect individuals of any age, sex, race, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level. The majority of the Eating disorders discovered during adolescence, but clinicians and psychologists have found an increasing number of young children, old adults diagnosed with these illnessRead MoreMental Health Illnesses Have A Genetic Contribution1534 Words   |  7 PagesStudies revolving around twin and family history have been proving to show that mental health illnesses have a genetic contribution. Mental health professionals have long known that certain mental illnesses can run in families, due to the fact that most, the chance of obtaining schizophrenia or bipolar disorder with no genetic factor is around one perfect, as to where if someone has a close relative with a certain disorder, such as a parent or sibling, the risk factor jumps to around ten percentRead MoreNature versus Nurture Debate Essays776 Words   |  4 Pagesversus nurture for centuries. Does genetics or upraising have more effect on a person? Human development is influenced by various things. But nature, genetics, contributes more to development than the environment does. While nurture has some influence, nature has much more. Genes are responsible for altruism, personality is linked to individual genes, and genetic disorders are effects of nature that can cause drastic differences in quality of life. Genetics determine more of human developmentRead MoreEating Disorder Research Essay example511 Words   |  3 Pageswhat extent do biological approaches successfully explain eating disorders? There are many different biological approaches that explain the reasons for eating disorders they all have some validity behind them to a certain extent. An eating disorder is a psychological dysfunction that causes a person to change their eating habits to eating less, or more etc. Firstly a biological approach was studied by Holland (1988) on genetic concordance between identical twins and non-identical twins. HollandRead MoreBenefits And Concerns Of Predictive Genetic Testing998 Words   |  4 Pagesadvances is predictive genetic testing. Several studies have been performed using these new methods to test for bipolar disorder, specifically in those who have a family history of the disorder. In this paper, I will highlight the benefits and concerns of predictive genetic testing, discuss how it will affect society, and argue that those with a family history of mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder should have predictive genetic testing so that, if necessary, the disorder can be treated early

Inception, the Movie - 600 Words

Inception Inception is not only a film that uses unique cinematography techniques but also tells a story with a big concept that one can’t comprehend right away. The concept of dreams and how one dream can effect another dream is a risky topic to discuss due being the endless possibilities and complexities it can have. The director of Inception was none other than Christopher Nolan, as shown by the obvious concept of noir and conceptual thought that is in many of his films. Together with his partner in crime, Walter Pfister, a well known cinematographer; the two work together to create an incredible motion picture. According to the text, every good movie has two major ingredients. The two ingredients are none other than â€Å"a good script, and a directors inspiration, vision, intelligence, and supervision of all aspects of the film’s production† (Barsam 483). Inception is no exception to this rule at all. Inception uses a unique familiarity technique in modern cinema of alienating and shocking the audience throughout the film. The audience members are thrown in the middle of a scene right from the start of the film with close-ups of Cobb’s face. Abruptly the movie spontaneously moves to another scene where Cobb and Arthur are talking to Mr. Saito, making the scene to appear to be â€Å"present time†, only to have the scenery switched once again to an apartment where everyone is asleep. Unfortunately that wasn’t the end scene jumping as it turns out everyone is asleep on a trainShow MoreRelatedMovie Synopsis: Inception961 Words   |  4 PagesContents Inception 2 Introduction 2 Synopsis of Inception 2 Explanation 3 Conclusion 4 Works Cited 5 Inception Introduction Some movies are based on philosophical themes that run through the whole movie and imply meaning other than those being visibly represented. Inception was also one such movie, directed and co-produced by Christopher Nolan, the famed director of Insomnia. The directors favorite theme to make movies has been dreams and we see the same in this movie Inception. The directorRead MoreFilm Analysis Of The Movie Inception972 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie Inception captured the imagination of many viewers as one of the best science fiction thriller movies to be produced (UKessay). It was produced and directed by Christopher Nolan who also directed The Dark Knight, Interstellar, and Dunkirk. Inception is based on the concept that a single idea can be either the most valuable asset or the most dangerous weapon (UKessay). Inception is a science fiction thriller movie. This genre deals with situations and technology that would be classifiedRead MoreThe Beginning in the Movie, Inception, by Christopher Nolan1634 Words   |  7 PagesInception can be described as, â€Å"the time at which something begins.† The movie Inception bases itself on the lives of those who live in our world, but often enter altered worlds when put into a deep sleep. Dominic Cobb the main character in the movie is a mastered thief, uses what he has learned to find and take information from the minds of others when they are at a vulnerable state and have been put into a deep sleep. It is this moment when the person who has allowed themselves to enter aRead MoreHans Zimmers Time From The Movie Inception1001 Words   |  5 PagesThe work I selected is Hans Zimmer’s â€Å"Time† from the movie Inception. The structure of â€Å"Time† is one of suspenseful buildup. There is a simple theme that is introduced and as the song progresses, layers are added. The conjunct melody becomes more disjunct as â€Å"Time† reaches its climax. â€Å"Time† also has great dynamic contrast, starting with an eerie pianissimo and slowly building up until the climax where the piece reaches a gripping fortississimo. Finally, because this piece is based on the conceptRead MoreThe Dream Inside Of A Dream By Christopher Nolan1683 Words   |  7 Pagesand wide. However, before Inception came out in 2010 by director Christopher Nolan, many people in the modern world may not have ever considered this idea. Nonetheless, this idea of â€Å"a dream inside a dream† has been around since 1640, when Rene Descartes published Meditations. In Inception, Christopher Nolan uses Descartes ideas to enhance the storyline of his film. In this paper I will suggest the characters Mr. Cobb and Mal, along with the ideas put forth in Inception are specifically modeledRead MoreMovie Review : A Sci Fi, Directed By Christopher Nolan1336 Words   |  6 PagesInception a sci-fi, produced in 2010, Directed by Christopher Nolan. Inception has many veteran film actors such as Leonardo DiCaprio (Cobb), Joseph Gordon-Levitt (Arthur), Ellen Page (Ariadne), Ken Watanabe (Saito), and many other renowned actors. According to IMDB Inception has 166 nominations and 144 win for awards (http://www.imdb.com/). The Film Inception is about Dominic Cobb who is a master thief, not your everyday thief stealing from homes, banks, and offices and such. Cobb work is extractionRead MoreHow to effective use visual communication design in the film Visual communication is to take1700 Words   |  7 Pagesgrowing industry where vision and creativity are involved in . It helps the designer show their creative skills in the mass media, internet , film and television and so on . Vision effects plays an important role in the sense of motion in most of the movie industryï ¼Ë†Krasner, 2008ï ¼â€°. However, in the study of visual communication, most of the students take wrong path while to perform their creative and smart design. Pranayama (2006) said the ethical awareness and responsibility towards the world that livedRead MoreInception: Pure Science Fiction Essay857 Words   |  4 Pagesthe concept of inception, which is planting an idea into a person’s mind and letting it grow (Inception, 2010). Other concepts in relation to inception are dream sharing and a dream within a dream. Dream sharing is a person manufacturing a dream and bringing a person or persons into that dream (Inception, 2010). As an individual dreams or dream shares, he or she can go deeper into a dream and further into the layers of the subconscious also known as a dreaming within a dream (Inception, 2010). As aRead MoreFreuds Theories Applied in Inception1220 Words   |  5 Pagessee modern artists use influences from past theories, ideas, designs, etc. Inception, the 2010 sci-fi action film, is a movie about illegal spying by entering the minds of certain individuals by sharing dreams. Dom Cobb and his partner, Arthur, use this tactic to extract or plant desired information from or into their unconscious. Mr. Saito, an exceedingly wealthy business owner, asks Cobb and Arthur to perform â€Å"Inception† (imbedding an idea inside a person’s mind without them recognizing) on hisRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Dom Cobb ( Played By Leonardo Dicaprio ) Is Not Your Normal Thief1122 Words   |  5 PagesInception is an overhyped blockbuster accompanied by several moving parts that will leave you in awe, but nonetheless it s a work of art. Dom Cobb (played by Leonardo DiCaprio) is not your normal thief he has the ability to enter people s dreams and steal their ideas from their subconscious. His skill set has made him very sought after in the world of corporate espionage which has also cost him everything he loves. Cobb gets a second shot at redemption. He’s offered a job, plant an idea in someone

Ethical dillemas Free Essays

The ‘Heinz’ Dilemma Date Period Mr. Heinz is ordinarily a law-abiding man. One day, his wife becomes gravely ill. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical dillemas or any similar topic only for you Order Now Heinz takes her to the doctor, who prescribes a medication for her. She does quite well on this medication and begins to recover. However, Heinz has no insurance and runs out of money quickly paying for this expensive medication. After a few months, he can no longer purchase the medication and his wife begins to take a turn for the worse. One day, he Is in the pharmacy and notices that no one Is behind the counter. The medication is in plain view. Should he steal the medication to help his sick wife? The Old Woman in the Airport You are In the airport, trying to catch a flight that is about to leave. As you run down the crowded corridor, an elderly woman suddenly slips In front of you and falls to the ground with a cry. Doyou stop to help, if you know you will miss your flight because of It? The ‘Trolley Trolley Scenario 1 A trolley Is running out of control down a track. In Its path are 5 people who have been tied to the track by a mad philosopher. Fortunately, you can flip a switch which ill lead the trolley down a different track. unfortunately, there Is a single person tied to that track. Should you flip the switch? Why? Trolley Scenario 2 As before, a trolley Is hurtling down a track towards five people. You are on a bridge under which it will pass, and you can stop it by dropping a heavy weight in front of it. As it happens, there Is a man next to you – your only way to stop the trolley Is to push him over the bridge and onto the track, killing him to save five. Should you proceed? Why? How is this case different from the first? How to cite Ethical dillemas, Papers

Economic Reforms In Australian Tourism Industry Free Sample Solution

Question: Describe about the Economic Reforms in Australian Tourism Industry. Answer: The tourism industry in Australia has been identified as one of the crucial component of the economy of the country. According to the data released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), Australian Tourism industry has contributed 3 percent of the entire GDP of the Australian economy adding AU$47.5 billion in 2014-15 financial year. Moreover, the Australian Tourism industry has significantly contributed to the employment situation providing employment to 580,800 people that are 5 percent of the entire workforce of the country during 2014-15 (Abs.gov.au, 2016). In addition to that more than 7.4 million international as well as domestic visitors have contributed 8 percent of the export earnings in 2014-15 (Prideaux, Moscardo and Laws, 2016). The essay has been designed to discuss the microeconomics reforms in the Australian Tourism industry and the impact of the same on the economic prosperity. In the selected article, Young and Winter (2014) have discussed the national regulatory reforms targeted towards Australias tourism industry. Moreover, the article has provided a detailed argument on the current administration of the federal government in Australia to improve the standards of the tourism industry (Young and Winter, 2014). Through the identification of significant measures and legal remedies, a brief discussion on the reform agenda and the industry code of conduct have been scrutinised to investigate the self-regulatory approach of the tourism sector. Under the contemporary business scenario in the Australian tourism market, the federal government of Australia has to deal with significant issues and policies to operate smooth acceleration of the industry (Simmons, 2014). Through the identification of deliberate accreditation schemes, the government of Australia has aimed to remove burdensome licensing regimes so that the position of the travel and tourism business enterprises can be improved. Also, the federal government has wanted to make some reforms in the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) (CCA) so that the protection for target demographics and international tourists has been increased to the highest standards (Airey and Ruhanen, 2014). Moreover, by promoting significant National Schemes in the Australian Tourism industry, the federal government can inject liquidity into the sector for further development (Young and Winter, 2014). The existing regime in the Australian tourism industry must promote significant advantages to the international as well as domestic visitors so that the consumers can show more interests in the Australian tourism industry. Along with that, the tourism industry reform requires amendments in the Travel Agents Legislations so that fair competition can be restored among the market competitors (Alonso and Northcote, 2010). In the given scenario, further discussion has been presented on the reform agenda for further argument perspective. The COAG commissioned a review of the protection measures in the tourism industry of Australia. The review was conducted by the Price Water House Coopers in the year 2010 (Standing and Vasudavan, 2010). It was found through the review that there is a need of reform in the tourism industry regulations of Australia. It will help to adopt necessary changes according to the National Tourism Accreditation Framework and Australian Consumer Law. A draft plan was published in the year 2012 after consulting with the public (Young and Winter, 2014). The recommendations in the Travel Industry Transition Plan include the new Travel Agents Legislations. The plan recommended increasing reliance on corporations law, oversight mechanism, industry specific remedies, and general consumer protection legislation (Fong, 2012). The plan introduced resolution schemes to protect the consumers right visiting Australia. Furthermore, the reformed agenda was formed to increase online and direct travel transactions that will promote tourism in the country. Along with that, the visitors were allowed with better safety measures after the incidents of racial discrimination in the country (Airey and Ruhanen, 2014). The Australian government introduced new initiatives to promote the national tourism over the online platform. New digital marketing tactics were used to promote Australia tourism business over the globe. Furthermore, the state and territorial government also introduced few reforms to promote tourism over the national and global platform. New reforms were made in the Travel Agents Repeal Bill in the year 2014 by the Victoria government (Young and Winter, 2014). Furthermore, reforms have been made by the Queensland government and New South Wales government to promote Tourism in the regions. The primary purposes of the economic reforms were to create transparency in the tourism industry. Furthermore, the reform aims to confidence among the investors and stakeholders. It will help the government to raise funds for the development of the tourist spots in the country. Furthermore, the reforms have been made to ensure compliance with the Australian Consumer Law. The reforms made for the tourist agents will help to provide a competitive marketing advantage to the market leaders in the Australian Tourism Industry (Young and Winter, 2014). The reforms will help to have flexible government regulations than the previous legislations. The reforms will help to have a better quality control and monitoring system within the tourism industry. The changes in the policies will provide a complaint handling system that can be accessed over the digital platform (Liu and Liu, 2009). The new complaints handling system is cost effective, user friendly and time saving. Hence, it can be seen th at the reforms were made by the government after conducting the review of the Australian Tourism industry (Dowling, 2008). These reforms are necessary to promote tourism in Australia and attract visitors from all across the globe. Recently, it can be seen that the necessary changes made in the government policies have helped the Australia Tourism sector to grow. People coming from the Asian countries to visit Australia have increased in the past few years. Hence, it is estimated that further economic reforms will be made to make Australia the first choice for international tourists. The identified improvements in the Australian tourism industry can motivate the market competitors to explore the opportunities in a fair way. Furthermore, the reforms will open up new dimensions as the regulatory measures will become more active. Invariably, these reforms can set high standards of services towards the international clients. Through the identification of the market risks, the regulatory measures can stop any chances of deception protecting the rights of the foreign visitors. Meanwhile, the affirmative reforms directed towards the Australian tourism industry can help to establish long-lasting relations with the international tourists. Undoubtedly, the reforms will strengthen the growth structure of the Australian tourism industry. References Abs.gov.au. (2016).Tourism and Transport - Australian Bureau of Statistics. [online] Available at: https://www.abs.gov.au/Tourism-and-Transport [Accessed Sep. 2016]. Airey, D. and Ruhanen, L. (2014). Tourism Policy-Making in Australia: A National and State Perspective.Tourism Planning Development, 11(2), pp.149-162. Alonso, A. and Northcote, J. (2010). The development of olive tourism in Western Australia: a case study of an emerging tourism industry.International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), pp.696-708. Dowling, R. (2008). Three Conferences in Western Australia: Wine, Geography of Tourism Ecotourism.Tourism Recreation Research, 23(2), pp.78-80. Fong, C. (2012). Government policy guidelines in Australia.Government Publications Review, 9(5), pp.401-406. Liu, A. and Liu, H. (2009). Government approaches to tourism: an international inquiry.International Journal of Tourism Policy, 2(3), p.221. Prideaux, B., Moscardo, G. and Laws, E. (2016).Managing tourism and hospitality services. Wallingford: CABI. Simmons, D. (2014).Inquiry into the impact of Australia's taxation regime on the tourism industry. [Canberra]: [The Committee]. Standing, C. and Vasudavan, T. (2010). The Impact of Internet on Travel Industry in Australia.Tourism Recreation Research, 25(3), pp.45-54. Young, T. and Winter, K. (2014).Risking international reputational damage to Australia's tourism industry: the potential fallout of national regulatory reform - Media, Telecoms, IT, Entertainment - Australia. [online] Mondaq.com. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/313628/Hotels+Hospitality/Risking+international+reputational+damage+to+Australias+tourism+industry+the+potential+fallout+of+national+regulatory+reform [Accessed Sep. 2016].

Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essays

Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essays Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essay Advocacy And People With Intellectual Disabilities Social Work Essay Essay This essay will look at the function of protagonism in relation to stand foring the positions and involvements of people with rational disablements go toing a twenty-four hours service. It will briefly expression at the historical development of protagonism in general and so look in peculiar at corporate self-advocacy and citizen protagonism theoretical accounts and how these are employed for the societal inclusion of people with rational disablements. Day services for people with rational disablements are considered to be one of the major service suppliers but traditionally have contributed small to the publicity of societal inclusion and self-government ( Fyson and Ward, 2004:64 ) . Advocacy has a function in altering these services by working in partnership with service users to increase societal engagement and chances for mundane experiences such as employment and farther instruction ( Fyson and Ward, 2004 ) . From reexamining and reading literature on the subject it is clear that there is much argument as to what protagonism means. Bateman ( 2000 ) suggests that the different types of protagonism can all be interpreted otherwise and hence there is no cosmopolitan definition of protagonism. But all have a common subject ; assisting another individual obtain something from person with power ( Bateman, 2000:16 ) . The evolving of protagonism into the multi-model that it now is has come from citizen protagonism and the representation of citizen s positions ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . The cardinal rules within protagonism are regard for the client s position, as much authorization and as small dependence for the client as possible, facilitation of informed picks, the advocator to be independent and pick of protagonism for the client ( Woods, 2003:49 ) . A cardinal factor of protagonism is that it allows for the look of positions and wants of marginalised people who are frequently trusting on protagonism as a agency of making consciousness of societal issues but besides as a agency to measure their rights and entitlements ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . The attainment of rights is a cardinal portion of protagonism and that protagonism has a function in making consciousness of unfairnesss ( Bateman, 2000 ) . But in relation to people with disablements the rights are limited and are non enforceable by jurisprudence ( Lawson, on the Web, neodymium ) . A right can be defined as any claim that is morally merely or lawfully granted as allowable ( Final Report, 1995, cited in Forum for People With Disabilities, 2004:57 ) . Historically people with rational disablements have been socially excluded from society by bias and favoritism ( About Learning Disabilities, on the Web, neodymium ) . Social exclusion instead than societal inclusion was the norm where people with rational disablements were excluded from their communities by shacking in establishments outside the community and were non granted the same chances as others in the general population. Social inclusion in relation to people with disablements is to increase their engagement within society and to back up them to hold independent lives ( Office for Social Inclusion, 2003 ) . In relation to societal inclusion many administrations such as voluntary and community administrations have used the construct of recommending for their members to better societal inclusion and engagement ( Woods, 2003:21 ) . Traditionally the perceptual experiences sing people with disablements was to see the individual based on their sensed restrictions but that these were challenged by disablement groups that rights held by other citizens to besides be attributed to people with disablements ( Barnes and Mercer, 2003 ) . The European Social Charter ( 1996 ) states that people with disablements have a right to independence, societal integrating and engagement in the life of the community ( Lawson on the Web, nd:8 ) . Advocacy in relation to people with rational disablements allows that each individual has value ( Gray and Jackson, 2002:9 ) , which is in direct contrast to the historical position held by society of devaluating people with rational disablements. That people with learning disablements are citizens with the same rights and duties as other citizens ( Gray and Jackson, 2002:10 ) . The most effectual theoretical account of protagonism is that which matches the service user s demands but there is frequently the demand to use more than one type of protagonism where the general overall purpose is to advance the attainment of accomplishments for self-advocacy ( Woods, 2003 ) . In relation to the demands of people with rational disablements they can be considered to be the most complex in that the disablement may non merely hold cognitive reverberations but physical disablements besides. The scopes of the rational disablement that they are sing can ensue in lessened ability to pass on and cognitive ability. The complexness of their disablements can ensue in limited chances for self-government and being excluded socially from society ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . A cardinal challenge for a individual with rational disablements is to be seen as an person that has the same rights and demands even though they have a greater dependence on their care-givers because of their rational disablement ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . Self-advocacy Model Self-advocacy can be employed for people with rational disablements and that administrations need to back up chances for self-government in relation to their lives ( Inclusion Ireland, on the Web, 2003 ) . Self-advocacy is defined as a procedure in which an person, or group of people, speak or move on their ain behalf in chase of their ain demands and involvements ( Bateman, 2000:18 ) . Cardinal to self-advocacy is that the person should hold the accomplishments that allow them to stand for on their behalf ( Woods, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Bateman ( 2000:18 ) the most influential signifier of self-advocacy is that of corporate protagonism where people with similar demands come together as a group to seek a peculiar result the amount of the whole is greater than the amount of the single parts . The corporate self-advocacy theoretical account has some of its roots in trade unionism where during the 1940 s corporate protagonism took topographic point during the World War II to dispute the public assistance system. Civil rights motions during the 1960 s in America drove corporate self-advocacy sing the rights for marginalised people ( Bateman, 2000 ) . As societies have modernised the construct of community has been lost to the importance of the person but corporate self-advocacy is continually used by groups to convey alteration on a macro degree ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Corporate self-advocacy is frequently the most effectual signifier for people with rational disablements in that for many as an single standing entirely the picks that they have are to hold to the services on offer or have none ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . Group self-advocacy is of importance to people with rational disablements because it can supply the chances to derive accomplishments in communicating, increased assurance and to show their position in relation to their rights and wants ( Woods, 2003 ) . Shoultz ( 1992, cited in Woods, 2003 ) states that group protagonism can profit people who do non hold verbal communicating accomplishments to derive the assurance and accomplishments to recommend for the group and themselves. An illustration of corporate self-advocacy is People First, in Canada, People First have as a corporate self-advocacy theoretical account challenged that no individual with an rational disablement will be forcibly required to be sterilised ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Therefore in order to dispute favoritism that many people with disablements have joined corporate self-advocacy groups to contend societal unfairnesss ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . The features of corporate self-advocacy are that the group portion experiences and cognition to work together to turn to unfairnesss ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Corporate self-advocacy promotes action on a macro degree so that the huge bulk of the corporate group will profit from the corporate action that is being advocated for ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Woods ( 2003:36 ) supports this by saying corporate self-advocacy can straight alter services within an administration and can be a resource for covering with the daily issues of participants . An illustration of this in relation to the scenario of the twenty-four hours service could be that the persons together agree that a alteration in service bringing is required to heighten their independent life accomplishments such as larning to run the phones and take part as receptionists at the Centre as a agency to derive employment. There are different types of corporate self-advocacy but the most common are the groups based in services ( Woods, 2003:35 ) . This is where the group is within a Centre or service and by and large run into during a calendar month to discourse issues that are of concern to the group members. A cardinal worker or staff member may be needed to move as facilitator ( Woods, 2003 ) . A cardinal facet of self-advocacy in general is that it is driven by the individual and in this manner corporate self-advocacy groups frequently represent a peculiar issue or group ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Administrations such as St. Michael s House and Enable Ireland have group self-advocacy within their administrations ( Woods, 2003 ) . Corporate self-advocacy can frequently be the land ledgeman in proviso of protagonism services within an administration ( Woods, 2003 ) . Corporate self-advocacy could be viewed as a agency to back up inclusion and engagement by promoting individual power to impact on service development in general and to advance alterations in societal policies ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . In footings of engagement degrees group protagonism within an administration would be higher than other signifiers of group self-advocacy ( Woods, 2003 ) . A unfavorable judgment of collective or group self-advocacy in relation to people with rational disablements could be that the term self-advocacy implies that the individual is straight stand foring themselves. But that in world this is frequently non the instance as in order to self-advocate a individual with rational disablements frequently requires a professional individual to move as a support ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Besides in relation to group self-advocacy within a service a unfavorable judgment has been as to what grade are the picks made and available to the group members free from influence from the service and staff that may be easing the group protagonism meeting. Independent group self-advocacy off from the service has been suggested as a agency to take any possible service influence but that this may cut down the engagement as it is non based within the service that is being used. Another unfavorable judgment is that within the group self-advocacy that the focal point can be based on the positions and sentiments of the most verbally expressive service users and therefore may non reflect the group as a whole ( Woods, 2003 ) . Besides corporate or group self-advocacy although ab initio established to dispute for corporate demands or rights sometimes the group so becomes a service supplier which would dispute its objectiveness in relation to representation of wants ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Citizen Advocacy Model Another protagonism theoretical account that is considered to be effectual for people with rational disablements is citizen protagonism ( Woods, 2003 ) . Citizen protagonism relates to the persuasive and supportive activities of trained selected voluntaries and co-ordinating staffaˆÂ ¦ . working on behalf of people with disablements who are non in a good place to exert or support their rights as citizens ( Woods, 2003:40 ) . Citizen protagonism is considered to be supportive of people with rational disablements who are frequently more dependent on the services that they are using and frequently more dependent on other people to recommend on their behalf ( Walmsley, 2002 ) . Citizen protagonism developed in the 1960 s in America with the civil rights motion ( Bateman, 2001 ) . It was developed into the disablement sector as a consequence of parents with kids with disablements detecting that they received more relevant services when person acted on their behalf as an advocator ( Bateman, 2000 ) . OBrien ( 1987, cited in Bateman, 2000:24 ) suggests that citizen protagonism has at its nucleus the construct of the valued citizen who is non paid and is non a member of a service supplier administration. Woods ( 2003:40 ) besides supports the construct of the valued citizen as being person who does non hold a job acquiring heard, working with a individual who is discriminated against . Another component of citizen protagonism is that through citizen engagement actively recommending for the wants and rights of the individual that they are in bend ambitious traditional perceptual experiences of people marginalised within society to hold full inclusion and engagement as all citizens ( Forests, 2003 ) . The features of citizen protagonism are that the advocator is independent from the administration or service that the individual is utilizing or go toing, that the advocator is non a comparative and is non paid for recommending ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . The nature of the demands of a individual with important disablements would propose that citizen protagonism is best met when the advocator can back up in the long term ( Woods, 2003:41 ) . Peoples with rational disablements have changing degrees of demands and grades of rational disablement and citizen protagonism could be considered to be supportive of people with rational disablements who could be considered to hold greater demands ( Woods, 2003 ) . This theoretical account and has its foundation in standardization and societal function valorisation ( Walmsley, 2002:26 ) . Standardization being that people with disablements should hold chances to see mundane happenings ( Walmsley, 2002 ) . Examples of citizen protagonism are Ealing and Harrow Citizen Advocacy and the Galway Citizen Advocacy Project as cited by Woods, ( 2003 ) . The importance of citizen protagonism in relation to societal inclusion is that by working in partnership with the individual with rational disablements to hold every twenty-four hours chances as other members of the general population that it can cut down exclusion through its construct of giving value to the individual ( Fyson and Ward, 2004 ) . This can ensue in disputing the social position that with disablements are a homogenous group ( Butler and Forrest, 1991, cited in Bateman, 2000:25 ) . Citizen protagonism can be a agency of placing spreads in service proviso and challenge favoritism and soc ietal exclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . The advocator relationship develops over a long period of clip and that this creates chances to consistently back up the individual with rational disablements to construct their accomplishments and their self-belief ( Woods, 2003 ) . The citizen advocator has two maps one of stand foring the individual and secondly to move as a societal medium by the personal relationship that is established between the advocator and the individual ( Woods, 2003 ) . The existent volunteering of clip to make a relationship is an of import facet within citizen protagonism in that for many people with rational disablements the scope of societal chances available to them may be more limited than other people with disablements ( Woods, 2003 ) . A unfavorable judgment of citizen protagonism is that because of its voluntary nature that the advocator can be viewed by services to non hold the cognition or expertness to to the full recommend on behalf of the individual with rational disablements ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . Another unfavorable judgment is that struggle in footings of obtaining demands and rights can be an component of protagonism and that an inability to understand the map of struggle to make alteration can forestall citizen protagonism being effectual ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Some self-advocacy groups have criticised citizen protagonism that it is keeping the dependence prejudice that society assumes in relation to people with rational disablements ( Henderson and Pochin, 2002 ) . Citizen protagonism which is frequently employed as a theoretical account for people with rational disablements has in its application supported that people with larning troubles need the intercession of able-bodied advoc ators if their wants are to be taken earnestly ( Pochin, 2002:107 ) . But citizen protagonism could be considered to be supportive of societal inclusion by its construct of valuing all people and advancing community engagement ( Whitehead and Hughey, 2004 ) . Another unfavorable judgment is that citizen protagonism requires clip and committedness from the advocator and that a challenge is to happen citizens that have the clip available to give ( Forum of People with Disabilities, 2001 ) . Decision In decision protagonism should include that every person should be listened to and to hold an active portion sing the results of their life ( Woods, 2003 ) . Advocacy has at its nucleus the attainment of rights and demands ( Bateman, 2000 ) . Social inclusion could be considered to be supported by the rules of protagonism that promote authorization and pick for people with rational disablements ( Woods, 2003 ) . But for both protagonism theoretical accounts in relation to people with rational disablements the greatest challenge seems to be that of asseverating their right whether moral or legal to avail of the mundane chances that the general population can see ( Forum of People With Disabilities, 2001 ) . That society by and large inquiries the ability of a individual with rational disablements to self-determine and this has impacted on the development of protagonism theoretical accounts for people with rational disablements ( Gray and Jackson, 2002 ) . The proviso of protagonism se rvices for people with rational disablements although trying to dispute inequalities that unless people with disablements have a legalised right to services that protagonism is meaningless without rights ( Bateman, 2000:43 ) . That by non implementing rights sing services and no proper resort through the legal system because these services are non rights that protagonism can non be genuinely effectual in back uping societal inclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . That implementing rights to services would back up the client going the consumer and could be an effectual manner of utilizing protagonism to make societal inclusion ( Bateman, 2000 ) . A challenge for both theoretical accounts is the support required is frequently allocated to other supports and this can be contributed in some ways to the fact that protagonism is non universally defined and is non universally legislated for ( Bateman, 2000 ) .

The MEK lubricant and de

The MEK lubricant and de Introduction A lubricant’s de-waxing process involves removal of paraffinic hydrocarbons so as to improve the pour point of the feed stock. The pour point of oil is the lowest temperature in which oil can flow, pour or move when refrigerated or cooled without disruption under certain fixed conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More De-waxing produces high yields of products of improved quality base oils. Waxes require isomerization for their conversion into lubricant base oils. De-waxing processes create pure un-branched hydrocarbon chains without either aromatic contents or unwanted hetero-atoms in gas to liquid (GTL) processes (Gary Handwerk, 2001).During the de-waxing process, the solvent is subjected to a mixture of the waxy oil. In the catalytic de-waxing mechanism, wax components are reduced in the reaction to recapture the de-waxed oil molecules. A de-waxing process involves prior solvent extraction before the process is done. Heavy gas and oil from a refinery that is usually at very high temperatures is usually the feed stream. The gas is usually at high temperatures of 95 degrees Fahrenheit. This fact allows the feedstock not to crystallize. Shock treatment can cause formation of small crystals by the wax which would block the filter cloth during filtration process hence lowing wax recovery (Speight, 2010). The solvent is usually of equal temperature with the wax stream. It is then filtered through rotary filters. The primary rotary filter separates the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. The de-waxed oil stream undergoes heat integration and continues to solvent recovery process. The wax or oil stream proceeds to the secondary filter. Here, it is separated into mostly solvent and wax with 3wt% oil content. The oily wax is de-oiled by re-melting to release trapped oil. The final filteri ng step is the tertiary filter. It separates waxes into hard and soft ones. Soft wax is recycled and hard one is re-slurred and purified to food grade wax. De-waxing products can be categorized into two: 1. Base oil which is used to make lube oil for automotive and industrial lubricants and for production of automatic transmission fluids.2. Food grade wax which is used to produce sealants. Crayons, cosmetics, foods and candles are also produced from this wax. Lubricants’ oil de-waxing methods Lubricant manufacturers may use either catalytic or urea de-waxing or solvent waxing. During the catalytic de-waxing process, there is usually selective removal of lighter non- normal hydrocarbons and also an even removal of normal paraffin. Urea de-waxing is normally used to produce low pour points using urea.Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This process of de-waxing is good for recovering refrigeration and transformer oils because no refrigeration is required. It is important to include a desirable solvent because urea has no MEK properties. The viscosity of the oil has negative results in its contact between oil and urea. Difficulties are encountered during filtration, hence the addition of solvents. MSDW’s process This process uses a two-stage cascade system. It is shaped like a selective de-waxing catalyst in the second stage (Fleig, 2005). This system is highly flexible and functions with hydrogen pressures between 27 to 207 bars. The waxy oil and the hydrogen are mixed and then heated. They are then directed to the top of the de-waxing reactor. Downstream, the by-products which are basically low sulfur distillate, high-octane, naphtha and hydrogen-rich recycled gas are separated from the lube base oil (Pujado Jones, 2006). Propylene- acetone’s de-waxing process Propylene and acetone is the solvent mixture in this process. This process is adaptable to de-waxing plants that utilize propane instead of MEK (Fahim, Al-ShhafElkilani, 2009).Crystallization as a process is complex as it is usually determined by the rate of cooling of crystals. High and low cooling has an impact of the speed of the crystallization process and the quality of formed crystals. Propane is widely available as a byproduct in refineries and therefore its utilization is easier. This process leads to production of elements with low pour points, low refrigeration loads and reduced filter usages. Industrial technological research should focus on creation of catalysts that enhance the de-waxing of propylene and acetone instead of overreliance on products like propane. This fact would ensure that the performance of the solvent raw materials in this process is enhanced. MEK de-waxing method Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) is an anti-oil solvent and thus dissolves little wax at low temperatures. It is a wax precipitating agent. Toluene is an oil solve nt that dissolves the oil. At low temperatures, it maintains fluidity. A combination of major solvents is used in solvent de-waxing. MEK has become the most commonly used anti solvent in modern times but over reliance on it could lead to possible depletion of raw materials used in making it and consequent production of counterfeit products in the market. Industrial experts have advised that more research should be done to create new anti-oil solvents to complement the use of MEK. Nature of MEK de-waxing MEK has a poor solvent power and selectivity of paraffinic elements. It precipitates the wax leaving the de-waxed base oil. Studies have shown that the combination of toluene and MEK solvents in de-waxing processes causes an optimum wax precipitation of 40-75 v %. With increased MEK, the oil’s viscosity index increases but the solid point is maintained.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method specifically for yo u for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process of MEK Flow diagram shows a de-waxing process The solvents used in this process are MEK and toluene which are mixed with the wax or oil stream feed. The feedstock is usually of high temperature; about 95Â °Farenheit therefore, the solvent added should have corresponding temperature. The solvent of the same temperature is again added. This fact prevents shock treatment. The mixture is then filtered through the rotary filters which separate the stream into de-waxed oil or wax solvent stream. Process variables MEK is highly preferred because of its distinct anti-oil solvent characteristic. All the other solvents have almost similar properties but MEK or toluene combination is the most commonly used one in refineries. High solvent as opposed to oil use improves the process of filtration. A high solvent facilitates faster crystal growth reducing the viscous nature of the varied streams. At 100 wt. % MEK, there is a signifi cant wax recovery. High cooling rates have been reported to form undesirable wax that is hard to filter since it blocks the filters. Surface pressure exchanger The heat exchanger is used for crystallization of the wax. The process involves the use of the mid of the heat exchanger, the heated stream flows inside as the coolant flows on the outside. Wax crystals form slowly as the stream cools (Prestoris, 2004).Advertising Looking for research paper on chemistry? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact shows that there is usually poor heat conduction between the waxy feed and the coolant due to the formation of wax crystals. The surface heat exchanger contains scraper blades which are usually inconstant rotation (Gary et al, 2007). Their rotation removes clogged wax inside the pipe. This fact allows formation of more wax crystals. Figure 1 shows a surface heat exchanger Vacuum rotary filter Vacuum rotary filters are drums with a vacuum inside them covered by cloth. This fact prevents entry of the wax into the drum as the oil seeps in. This process removes any oil that might have been left in the wax. As the drum rotates, the scrapers remove the wax. It is deposited into a collection basin where it is re-slurred and re-melted with more solvent. It is used in separation of aromatic impurities and naphthalene by precipitation or dissolving of the components. Filters’ process operation In its operation; liquid is sent to tube units set below a drum. The drum cycles th rough the liquid and the vacuum pulls the solids away from the liquid into the drum pre-coat system. The liquid sucked through the filter causes the solid to stick to the outer surface of the drum. Figure 2 shows a vacuum rotary filter Maintenance and protection of the system Maintenance and protection of the system has to involve the maintenance of the various filters. The oil or the coolant filters has to be changed after every 500 hours so that they can clean away the contaminants. The oil separator has to be changed with change in oil for it to separate oil from air effectively. The drive belt has to be changed after 800 hours for effective performance. Other equipments used in this process include chillers with heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place. The others are the de-waxed oil and slack wax evaporators. Features of the vacuum rotary filters Their features include drum, val ve, drum deck, filter cloth, internal piping, agitator and the tank. These features are small in size and structure to facilitate faster operation. They are powerful and suffer low labor intensity making them easy to operate. The drum is supported by the trunnion which is set at the end of valve. It helps in formation of the vacuum cell at the bearing end. The valves are used to regulate the cycle sequence. Each portion is exposed to the vacuum, the dead zone and the blow. The valve contains adjustments blocks and fixed forms which creates the drying ratio in the filtration process. The internal piping can be single or double row piping to facilitate the channeling of the filtrates, steam and waste. The drum deck is separated into compartments waved to the vacuum or the rotating drum. The filter cloth acts as the cake tied to the drum face and it’s made from propylene or polyester. The agitator suspends the sludge material as the tank houses the drum and the agitator. Vacuum and rotary filters’ process variables The process variables in rotary filtration involve temperature, pressure, solid content and particle size and distribution (Parkas, 2003). The variables define the present status of the process. The temperature is usually maintained high with operational temperatures going as high as 2000C. High temperatures are required for distillation, evaporation and thermal breakdown. Pressure is crucial and is maintained at 6 bars with the pressure filters taking different timing like 10 minutes for cake application and 8 hours for polishing. The solid contents take about 50% or more of the weight with the particle distribution being 1 to 2 microtones. Chillers These equipments are heat exchangers which gradually lower the temperature of the mixed stream of solvent and wax or oil to allow crystallization to take place (Lum, 2011). They are specially designed to scrap out the wax deposits in the heat exchanger surface so as to have efficient heat tr ansfer. Chilling involves direct heat transfer. Evaporators The evaporator is used in recovery of the solvent from the de-waxed oil and wax. Components include the motor which rotates the evaporating flask, vapor duct that channels the sample, vacuum system that reduces pressure, water bath for heating the sample and the condenser that acts as a coolant. Solvent recovery system The solvent recovery system supplies parts and services for recycling equipment, wastewater treatment and washing of parts. The process reduces the cost of disposing solvents and waste water charges. The solvent recovery system involves the following process as shown in the diagram. Solvent used The solvent de-waxing stem involves MEK, toluene, propane benzene ,methylene chloride, ethylene dichloride, sulfur dioxide and cyclohexane.MEK is used in industries in the dissolution of wax at low temperatures. MEK toluene propane benzene butane Boiling point(0C) 79.64 110.62 -43.7 31.1 31.1 Freezing(0C) poi nt -86.69 -94.99 -09.8 5.5 -2.17 Molecular weight 72.11 92.14 44.10 78.11 58.92 Vapor pressure(Torre) 74 28.5 0.13 0 o A graphical comparison of the various solvents as per the table is as follows Feedstock From Process Typical products to unit Lube base stock Vacuum tower Treating De-waxed lubes To Hydro-treating Wax To Hydro-treating Spent agents To Treatment or recycle Table : 24.2 Hydrocarbons Compounds derived Methane Methyl chloride, chloroform, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid, freon, hydrogen for synthesis of ammonia. Ethane Ethyl chloride, ethyl bromide, acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethylene, ethyl acetate, nitro ethane, acetic anhydride. Ethylene Ethanol, ethylene oxide, glycol, vinyl chloride, glyoxalin, polyethene, styrene, butadiene, acetic acid. Propane Propanol, propionic acid, isopropyl ether, acetone, nitro methane, nitro ethane, nitro propane. Propylene Glycerol, alkyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, acrolein, nitroglycerine, dodecyl benzene, cumin, Bakelite. Hexane Benzene, DDT, gammexane. Heptane Toluene Cycloalkanes Benzene, toluene, xylenes, adipic acid. Benzene Ethyl benzene, styrene, phenol, BHC (insecticide), adipic acid, nylon, cyclohexane, ABS detergents. Toluene Benzoic acid, TNT Benz aldehyde, saccharin, chloramine-T, benzyl chloride, benzyl chloride. A new development in lubricants’ de-waxing processes The industry is facing a lot of development with respect to technological advancement. Nowadays, there is greater use of the skill in solvent extraction. Industries are producing edible vegetable oil from oil seeds and protein units that are nutritious and economically viable. Capital investment is prioritized. The industry is making efforts in investment and money making through incorporation of various ideas in respect to this industry. The food industry also applies the PEG-NaCl system to fragment small molecules like nucleic acids and peptides. Information on DNA purifi cation is important in generating biotechnological purified genetically material. Conclusion The MEK lubricant and de-waxing method have proven to be useful industrial components (Favennec, 2001). More research should be done to improve their performance in industrial processes. The government should allocate more funds to safeguard industrialists from fraudulent people who sell counterfeit products hence reducing the marketability of the MEK lubricant. The de-waxing method has also proved to be a resourceful one and scholars should devise easier ways of understanding the solvent extraction system, heat exchanger and the functioning of the filters because it is important considering that health and ethical standards have to be adhered to. References Fahim, A.M., Al-Shhaf, A.TElkilani, A. (2009).Fundamentals of petroleum refining. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. Favennec, J.P. (2001).Petroleum Refining, Refinery operation and management.Paris, France: Editions Technip. Flei g, F. (2005).Oil Empire: Visions of prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies. Harvard, United Kingdom: Harvard University Press. Gary, J. et al. (2007).Petroleum refining: technology and economic. New York, USA: CRC Press. Gary, H.J., Handwerk, E.G. (2001).Petroleum Refining. New York City, USA: Routledge Taylor Francis. Lum, G. (2011).The negotiation field book. Simple strategies to help one negotiate everything. New York City, USA: McGraw-Hill companies. Parkas, S. (2003).Refining process hand book. Burlington, USA: Elsevier Science. Prestoris, A. (2004).Compositional Analysis of Naphtha and Reformats. New York, USA: CRC Press, Pujado, R.P., Jones, J.S. (2006).Handbook of petroleum. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Springer. Speight, G.J. (2010).The refinery of future. Oxford, United Kingdom: Elsevier Science.

Database Secuirty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Database Secuirty - Coursework Example As such, the company ought to put in place structures that will ensure information security in two main ways, (1) authentication and authorization, and (2) general policies and procedures. The firm’s database containing all information pertaining to tenants and other aspects of the business will be stored in two main servers. These servers will be accessible by all tenants and building managers. Every database user will have a login account that will allow them access to the database. There are two general types of accounts, (1) tenant accounts for tenants, and (2) manager accounts for building managers. Each account will determine the scope of information that the given user is allowed. While manager accounts will have administrator privileges, tenant accounts will have very limited access to the database. Each login account will have a password that will be created by each user upon creation of the account. A firewall is in essence a baseline control for the securing of any network environment of any enterprise. Routers are usually integrated with a firewall. Examples include software based packet filtration and Network Address Translation. A distinct firewall that is hardware based is recommended. This is due to the disturbing fact that hackers in this time and age employ advanced technology and methodologies that they use to breach networks. A good example of this is APT (Advanced Persistent Threats). These employ advanced phishing techniques and complex algorithms. The threat posed by such security menaces may damage a company’s reputation or compromise the integrity of its confidential information, causing it to lose clientele as banks would in the case where credit card numbers are leaked. The use of a firewall supplemented by an antivirus is not sufficient to ensure information security. An intrusion detection system will be put in place. An intrusion detection system is vital for the

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to Essay

Discuss the way in which a particular celebrity has been used to promote fashion - Essay Example Fashion advertisement can be done on the television, on radio stations, on social sites, on product labels, on billboards and many other channels. Use of celebrities in advertising is very essential and captures the minds of many people in the society. It creates a perception that a product is the best in the range of related products, which increases demand of a product, its sales, and profits (Mehta 199). There are many theories related to the study of media and all try to explain its impact in advertising, and the perceptions related to its use. The first theory is the uses and gratification theory, which states that people use advertised products for gratification (Karina). The public can use a product so that they can relate to the celebrity used to promote the product. The association with a celebrity gives them a sense of belonging and gratification (Karina). The theory also states that people use a product to help them for diversion to escape from problems, for personal identity, and for surveillance of important tricks for survival. People tend to use products that are associated with successful celebrities so that they can feel safe and away from their problems. It gives them a sense of belonging and fulfilment in life. According to this theory, use of products that are associated with a particular celebrity increases ones self-esteem and self-worth (Karina). The hypodermic needle model is also another theory related to the use of media and suggests that media audience always has trust and loyalty to media such that they do not pose any challenges or have doubts about the information they are given (Karina). According to this theory, the audience takes in any information supported by a celebrity and believes it as the truth. The public has strong belief in celebrities and assume that products the celebrity uses will also work on them

Task 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Task 2 - Assignment Example At least 4 % of residents in Australia are suffering from diabetes i.e. 990,000 people. However, the rate has risen by a rate of 1.5 from 1990 hence, the need to make it a national priority. Pregnancies that are associated with diabetes are 44,000 women between 2005 to 2007 thus associated complications. Risk factors include overweight and obesity while people suffering have increased chances of cardiovascular diseases. Many funds are spent in treatment. 1,507 million dollars were spent in treatment between 2008 and 2009 (Cunningham et al, 8). Mental health is a large cause of disability accounting for 24 % of total years lost due to disability in Australia and is becoming increasingly apparent. An estimation of 3.2 million people in Australia has a mental disorder aged between 16 to 85 years. The mental health services report provides recent information on characteristics and activity of mental health care services. The mental and palliative care is responsible for analysing and r eporting mental health care service information contained in reports. However, mental illness has been associated with dementia, cardiovascular disease and alcohol abuse (Tempier et al, 2009). Australian government health priorities for a nursing profession have the aim of improving the health care outcomes of all members in the country and ensuring sustainability of the health system by the implementation of the National Health Reform Agreement. A registered nurse ought to show competence at the work place with appropriate skills and knowledge. He should have the abilities of working interdependently and show responsibility and accountability for their practice. A nurse ought to respect all and should be well trained. In the study, mental health and diabetes are the identified government health priorities. However, these will have some implication on the nursing priority influence on healthcare delivery. Diabetes implications call for the development of sensitization

The Analysis Of The Crimson Shadow

The Analysis Of The Crimson Shadow The Crimson Shadow, by Walter Mosley, is a short story that depicts a lengthy morning encounter between two disparate, yet similar souls. It is a twining of events that connect and capture, evade, and then reunite under the bonds of commonality. The protagonist, an aging ex-convict who goes by the name Socrates, finds that a young man, a boy, really, has killed a rooster that resides across the alley, and someone he had considered his friend. Darryl, the boy who has committed the misdeed is an obvious product of his environment, struggling to survive the mean streets of Los Angeles, and who, at a very tender age, has also become its victim. The elements which make up this story are striking, and develop rapidly into a tightly woven interlude which allows the analysis of New Criticism to be utilized well, enabling an investigation which clarifies the components that help to create this piece. Both characters depict a sense of loss and tragedy, but also possess a keen intellect which helps them to overcome the depravity of their surroundings. When Socrates first realizes that Billy, the rooster to whom he had become attached-his crowing that had awakened him each morning for the past eight years has not been heard-he investigates by going out to where the bird lives, only to find that his head has been badly mangled by the serrated blade of a steak knife. When he sees Darryl move out of the shadows of the morning, he understands immediately that some wrong has been committed. The old man is, at first, justifiably angry at the fact that a senseless act of violence has been done, a crime committed by a troublemaking kid out to cash in on someone elses misfortune the boy has created; but the two have a shared past that connects them in more ways than either can initially appreciate. As the morning wears on, and Socrates gets to know the boy and his situation a bit better, the ex-con sees that the youngster and he have more in common than he would, possibly, like to admit. When Socrates gets the boy into his kitchen, and the two begin to talk, the elder sees how similar their situations are. Both have committed heinous crimes, that of murder, and he uses the time to try and reason with the boy as to the path hes headed toward, first, enticing him to open up when the man realizes his accusations of having killed his friend have the boy visibly nervous, and then understanding that its not only the rooster he has killed, but also another mentally challenged young man who wouldnt leave him and his friends alone. Although it was an accident, and Socrates tells him so, the older man sympathizes with Darryl, telling him that he is welcome in his home whenever he likes, this, an indication of his compassion, and perhaps of his empathy, with the boy. The setting of Crimson Shadow is marked by crushing poverty, the description of what is Socrates home scarred by time and neglect. Its depiction and its imagery are stark, as witnessed by the cabinets that are now simply shelves, the doors having been torn off, and the magenta tiles that have faded to grey. A red spider spins her web above a naked bulb that shines above a photo of a woman Socrates once knew. The use of sharp and focused vocabulary that prime colors and distinctive smells evoke is also prevalent and speaks of a harsh reality. When the boy enters the two room shack, he looks at the red spider, and the women in the picture who also wears a red hat and a red dress, which, as the sun shines down upon her, throws a similarly red, or crimson, shadow across her face, indicating heat, or maybe wrath at the wrong committed by Socrates. The picture also contains the primary colors of yellow and blue, as well, those of the sun and the sky, which can similarly indicate the simpli city of how these two must survive: only with the mixing of other elements can the blending and shading of emancipation occur. When the old man begins cooking the equally-aged rooster, the well-defined description of the ingredients used, tomatoes, basil, and garlic, each possess their own and equally pronounced hue and aroma, a luxury that both men revel in and that can help to begin to express a possible solution to their bleak existence. The tension is tightly woven into the Crimson Shadow, especially in the beginning, when Socrates confronts his much younger and much weaker opponent in the alley. His big hands, known as rock breakers, are seen as weapons, able to crush the young boy with a single blow, and his apparent time spent in prison is evidence enough that he is a disreputable man capable of both creating and enduring great harm. The story is immediately suspenseful when he realizes his friend, Billy the rooster, has been killed, but because he is an ex-convict who quickly acquires the position of a moral and upstanding citizen, a man who is eventually looked upon, ironically, as a role model, he is the protagonist, and as such, can be considered an anti-hero. This irony and its resulting paradox are, however, resolved in the end, when both boy and man agree, silently, to become friends in this hostile world they must both inhabit. The killing of the innocent rooster, as well as of the innocent young boy who would not leave Darryl and his friend alone, are both necessary catalysts for both Socrates and Darryl, for if the two are to survive at all, they need each other in an essential, yet obscure manner, a mirror in which Darryl is able to see himself, yet set himself apart from the man that Socrates has become. The name, too, that Socrates owns, is but a taunting mockery that he must live with, ever knowing, but forever damned. It is also essential for one to observe the discussion Socrates initiates when speaking to the young man, for this is indicative of a common theme seen throughout literature; that of the wizened elder, competent and worldly, offering advice to the younger, less experienced, and woeful Darryl. His advice, although unwanted and disregarded at first, is deemed highly authoritative and even indispensable later, when Darryl finds himself floundering at the mercy of his actions, a child in the hands of fate, ignorant and vulnerable. He decides that since Socrates might just well have power over his destiny, he might have power over his own. In the end, the utilization of the New Criticism theory in the analysis of the Crimson Shadow, by Walter Mosley, is quite effective in understanding the elements used in the creation of this work. Characterization, setting, imagery, theme, and dialog, all come together in unison to produce an effective tool in the dissection and ultimate recovery of this short story, especially taken individually, which allows the reader to view through a lucid and comprehensible lens, a work of innate truth and redemption.

Figures of speech in The Fall of the House of Usher -- Essays Papers

Figures of speech in The Fall of the House of Usher Edgar Allen Poe’s short story, â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher†, sets a tone that is dark, gloomy, and threatening. His inclusion of highly descriptive words and various forms of figurative language enhance the story’s evil nature, giving the house and its inhabitants eerie and â€Å"supernatural† qualities. Poe’s effective use of personification, symbolism, foreshadowing, and doubling create a morbid tale leading to, and ultimately causing, the fall of (the house of) Usher. Poe’s use of personification, the act of giving human characteristics to nonhuman things, assigns the house of Usher a powerful and evil presence. In the first paragraph of the story, the narrator describes the house as having â€Å"vacant eye-like windows†. He uses this description twice: first to show that the house has seen everything that has led to the fall of Usher, and again to emphasize the unidentified deception of the house. The narrator also describes his negative reaction to the house as a â€Å"hideous dropping off of the veil†. This statement describes what the house has revealed to the narrator, a disgusting and disappointing appearance. Poe also uses symbolism to compare the deterioration of the house to the fall of the Usher dynasty. In Roderick’s poem, â€Å"The Haunted Palace†, he describes the history of the house as it began as a strong and â€Å"radiant palace†, which over time became a decrepit, disease-ridden cage. The radiant palace repres...

Proposal and Restructuring of the Middle Management

We propose a restructuring at the middle management level that will allow an increase in budget funds for i. e. pay raises, faster decision making process, and overall increase in employee morale, which in most cases equals higher productivity. In this proposed structure there would be an increase in responsibility for the general manager, office manager, and supervisor. Create a faster decision-making rocess, and a better working environment. By dissolving the sales, and rental manager†s positions. It would free up excess of $ 70,000 per year and the staff would report to one manager. The office manager†s responsibilities would increase, and the staff would now consist of approximately six individuals. He would report directly to the general manager. By dissolving the operations manager†s position it would free excess of $ 45,000 per year. The supervisor would inherit his duties and responsibilities, which are almost identical without the expensive price tag, and his staff would consist of twelve technicians. He would report directly to the general manager. By restructuring in this manner, the decisions making process will become more fluid, overall responsibilities will and should be increased, and finally morale and productivity will increase. Which will benefit the company short and long term.

New Meaning for Ingest

New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest New Meaning for Ingest By Maeve Maddox A reader has alerted me to a new use of the verb ingest: Feed is a suite of tools to assist in preparing content for ingest into HathiTrust. I found additional examples of this incomprehensible use of ingest in what are clearly technical contexts: High Speed Smart Data Ingest into Hadoop Fedora digital objects can be encoded in several XML formats for ingest and export. I was ingesting with the cli interface by creating a file that is cli commands Since the 17th century, ingest has been used in English with the meaning â€Å"to take in food.† Substances other than food are also said to be ingested. In reference to human beings, ingest is a clinical term for â€Å"to eat† or â€Å"to swallow.† In figurative usage, it can be simply to â€Å"to take in† or â€Å"to absorb.† For example, birds are said to be â€Å"ingested† by jet engines. A student â€Å"ingests† information.† Here are some examples that illustrate the usual meaning of the verb and its different forms: Children ingest considerable amounts of soil Foreign body ingestion is not uncommon in clinical practice, and it may occasionally lead to penetration injuries. The Nature of the Ingested Protein Has No Effect on Lean Body Mass During Energy Restriction in Overweight Rats American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) gives important instructions about what to do if a child has ingested poison. ‘Miami Zombie’ Didn’t Ingest Bath Salts Confirms Autopsy In the context of computer science, ingest seems to have acquired a meaning similar to input. I found this definition of the term â€Å"data ingestion† at TechTarget: Data ingestion is the process of obtaining, importing, and processing data for later use or storage in a database. This process often involves altering individual files by editing their content and/or formatting them to fit into a larger document. I often have the feeling that some of the changes in usage like this unfamiliar meaning for ingest are driven by non-native English speakers who translate words from their own languages into English words that don’t necessarily have the same meaning in English. For example, the German verb einnehmen can be translated as â€Å"to partake of a meal,† but it also means â€Å"to get, receive, collect,† meanings that certainly go along with the definition of â€Å"data ingestion.† Apart from computer jargon, ingest still means â€Å"to swallow, to consume, to take by mouth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsThat vs. WhichMay Have vs. Might Have

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays

Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essays Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Role of the law commision and the role played by pressure groups Essay Essay Topic: Law In this essay I will explain the role of the law commission and discuss the role played by pressure groups and judges with regard to law reform. The law commission is made up of five people from the judiciary, the legal profession and legal academies. Generally the chairman is a high court judge and the other four include a QC experienced in criminal law, a solicitor with experience in land law and equity and two legal academics. They are assisted by legally qualified civil servants. It was set up in 1965 with its main task to be codification. In 1965 it was announced that it would begin codifying family law, contract, landlord and tenant and evidence. This wasnt its only task though, under the law commissions act 1965 the law commission was also meant to remove anomalies from the law, repeal obsolete and unnecessary legislation, consolidate the law and finally simplify and modernize the law. It operates on projects referred to it by the Lord Chancellor or government department, at times it may also work on projects itself feels necessary for consideration. Normally a project will begin with a study of the area of law in question and attempt to identify its defects. Foreign legal systems may be looked at to see how they deal with similar issues. Then it publishes a consultation paper inviting comments, it describes present law and sets out possible options for reform. The commissions final recommendations are in a report containing a draft bill where legislation is proposed. The government then decides if it accepts the recommendations of the law commission. If it does it is down to them to introduce any necessary bills in parliament. Personally I think the law commission was weak in some areas and stronger in others. For example they didnt do very well with codification, although they were set a list of laws to codify attempts for the first few were abandoned and the last one never even begun. It is thought that the reason for this is that they realized it wasnt going to work and it didnt fit in with law making in our country. Zander suggests it was down to a mixture of conservatism and realisation on part of the draftsman, legislators and even judges that it simply didnt fit the English style of lawmaking. Although they did better with contract law, they have radically changed it by recommending control of exclusion clauses which led to the unfair contract terms act 1977, they helped in many other situations as well. A pressure group is an organized group that seeks to influence government policy or legislation. Although the term pressure groups implies they use force not all of them do, different groups have different methods. Their aim is to influence people who have the power to make decisions. Some choose to lobby MPs gaining as much publicity as possible for their cause; others may organize petitions or encourage people to write to their own MP and/or minister. Some groups tend to be more effective than others, size or persistence may be the reason for some groups success. Examples include justice a group concerned with promoting law reform in general and charities such as help the aged and shelter. As well as pressure groups and other organizations the public generally make their opinions known to MPs, ministers and to newspapers. This can lead to reform; another thing that has a great impact on reform is the media as it claims to reflect what the public think in general. Although much law reform happens as a response to pressure from one or more sources agencies such as the law commission are set up to deal with area of law referred to them by the government. The majority of law reform is carried out by parliament and is done in four ways. The first one is repeal, then creation, consolidation and finally codification.

Is Hamlet Really Insane... Do I think Hamlet Is Insane Essay

Is Hamlet Really Insane... Do I think Hamlet Is Insane - Essay Example However, he is not mad at all. Hamlet is quite a rational character but he is unable to fight with his circumstances that are all against him. Hamlet, after listening to his father’s ghost’s information about his murder and Claudius’s conspiracy against him tries to sort out the issue and avenge Claudius for his crime. He delays in taking action considering the moral issues involving the whole plan due to which, he overly speculates over the whole situation. It is due to his overly speculative nature that everyone in the court doubts about his mental state. For Hamlet, all the situations that have occurred to him have caused him to hate the world around him as he says, Hamlet thinks that his mother has committed an incestuous act by marrying Claudius soon after his father’s death. Not only has she deprived Hamlet with her motherly love but also snatched the right of being a king after his father’s death. She was unable to understand the melancholy of Hamlet at his father’s death and at her hurried marriage. He goes into a depressed state considering his inability to solve the problems of his life. Even Hamlet is unable to take revenge against Claudius in a timely manner due to which, he is considered as a mad character. He delays in taking action against Claudius, his father’s murderer and his this act dragged him into a more depressed and melancholic state. Hamlet is also a moral character because in killing Claudius, he thinks moralistically and is unable to kill him when he gets a chance when Claudius is praying. Hamlet has seven soliloquies in the play that confirm to the fact that he is not mad at all. His words have profound meanings in them and his exploratory mind is quite evident from his soliloquies. The consideration of Hamlet as an insane character is quite wrong as he is quite perfect in his mental approach and it is

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in Essay

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in engines for transport, produce airborne emissions of environmental concern - Essay Example Acid rain is due to the presence in the atmosphere of SO2 and NOx which, after a series of reactions, are deposited as nitric and sulphuric acid in the form of rain. Particulate matter is known to cause serious respiratory diseases. Carbon sequestration is a method that allows the reduction of CO2 by capturing it at its source (e.g. a power plant) and storing it in non-atmospheric reservoirs such as geologic or oceanic reservoirs (Herzog). The Sleipner project is a working example of carbon sequestration technology. Off the coast of Norway in the North Sea, it is in fact the world's first commercial CO2 capture and storage project collecting about one million metric tons of CO2 each year since it was opened in 1996 (Sleipner CO2 project). The term "scrubber" is used to refer to a group of air pollution control devices that aid the removal of fine particles and/or gases (especially acid gases) from industrial exhaust streams. Scrubbers work by either physically removing substances from the exhaust gas stream or by chemically neutralising them so that they cannot do any harm once released into the environment. Wet scrubbing is used to clean gases from pollutants and particulates by putting in contact the exhaust gas stream with the scrubbing solution. The scrubbing solution can simply be water for the removal of dust or a chemical solution which contains reagents that can specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution. 2.2. Dry scrubbing Dry scrubbing is generally used to remove acid gases, such as SO2, primarily from combustion sources. All dry scrubbing systems consist of two main devices: 1) a device to introduce a solid sorbent material into the gas stream; and 2) a particulate control device to remove reaction products, excess sorbent material, any particulate matter already in the flue gas. 2.3. Seawater scrubbing The natural buffering capacity of seawater can be taken advantage of by using it as a sorbent in a scrubbing system. When SO2 comes into contact with seawater a reaction takes place between the SO2 and the CaCO3 present in the seawater, producing CaSO4 and CO2. This reaction is complete in a very short time, so the equipment required for seawater scrubbing can be compact. 3. NOx 3.1. Primary measures Primary measures can be applied pre-combustion. In Bowin low NOx technology, air and

Business and transport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business and transport - Essay Example The second part of the paper will deal with modes and types of transport and travel around the world where examples of sole traders may be found. The paper will also suggest potential remedies to overcome the inherent issues that a sole trader operating in transport sector would face. Part I Sole Trading When a person individually initiates and operates his/her own business, it is called sole trading. This form of business may have one or more employees. It generally involves fewer amounts toward capital investment as compared to other modes of business ventures. It is best fitted to people with innovative business ideas and sufficient capital for running their business. The main benefit of this system is that the businessman owns everything what he acquires from the business. Moreover, with the feasibility of self guidance, the individual can grow without restrictions. In addition to this, as Tonkin (2006) states, sole trader can start the business with minimum set up cost and can c ontinue operations without a tax file number. He is also exempted from many other legal charges and superannuation. The most competitive strengths of a sole trader is that he can easily offer specialist services to customers and cater the needs of local people. On the other hand, sole trader is not free from risks as he is the only person responsible for any loss incurred in the business. A series of legal obligations may also drag him out of the line; sometimes he needs to pay provisional taxes and hence his annual tax returns may become more complicated. It has been identified that sole proprietorship is the most common form of ownership in the UK. In UK, sole traders are legally required to keep proper business accounts and records for assisting Inland Revenue to collect the tax on profits. Public limited company In UK, a public limited company is ‘legally abbreviated to plc with or without full stops’ and it may either be ‘an unlisted or listed company on stoc k exchanges’ (Company formation). However, some exceptional public limited companies, mainly nationalised concerns, which have incorporated under special legislation, do not need to bear any of the identifying suffixes. When a new company plans to commence its operations in England, Wales, or in Scotland, it has to register with Companies House. Although a public limited company is not compulsorily required to offer its shares to the public, many such companies do so and these shares are generally traded either at the London Stock Exchange or at the Alternative Investments Market. In UK, a minimum of two directors is essential for the formation of public limited company. Under this system, many persons jointly invest their capital for the formation of company at the time of its registration. Before a public limited company commences its operation, it should issue its shares to the value of at least ?50,000 and out of which ?12,500 must be paid up. Similarly, a company may inc rease or decrease its authorised share capital by passing an ordinary resolution. The public limited company may issue different types of shares like bearer share, cumulative preference shares, ordinary shares, preference shares, and redeemable shares. Nowadays, most of the UK companies are formed electronically with the help of Company Formation Agents. During the company formation, documents such as Memorandum of Association, Articles of

Raising children Essay Example for Free

Raising children Essay Raising children in this country is extremely harsh, many children are introduced to abuse, violence, neglect and exporiation. During the years of war, hundreds of children have been used as suicide bombers and are daily put in harms way. According to Swanson (Swanson Swanson,2011) â€Å"Conflict and political violence force millions of children and their families to flee their homes and as a result displaced families spend years in situations of uncertaniity and insecurity.† Role of genders In this country, discrimination of women and girls is a daily occurrence. During their childhood years 70% of girls do not even attend school, according to Swanson (Swanson Swanson, 2011) a staggering 94% of female births are not even registered at their births. Boys are considered to be soldiers and at a young age are taught to kill. Afghan men believe all boys even at a young age are already considered to have a promiscuous nature and are encouraged to act on it. Marriage Marriage in this country is a process, most men and women do not have an opportunity to meet each other, the wife is usually chosen for the man through family members. In the case that a man does choose a wife from an unknown family, the parents usually will perform background checks on her to try and gain knowledge of her beauty, morals and any other family affairs  that may be of importance. (Muzaffiray,2013) Aging The average life expectancy in this country its 59 years for men and only 61 years for women. This expectancy average comes from taking into consideration their way of life in regards to housing, their food, housing and medical attention. Due to this expectancy, the government does not even offer a pension plan for those not working for the government. Violence For years violence has been an ongoing issue in this country, A group calling themselves a â€Å"special envoy† believes in honor killings which gives men the human right to abuse women and is considered justified. This group has raised the percentage in deaths and injuries by 20%. Boys are taught to be soldiers at a very young age are expected to be a cause of violence against others. Drug use According to Ahmed (Ahmend, 2013) between the years of 2005-2008 the use of drugs according tho the United Nations Office on drugs and crime has raised more than 40%. Afgans are considered to have huge addiction problem on their hands, some even considere Afghanistan to have a growing army of drug addicts. Suicide As one may expect, suicide is a huge problem in this country. Many people are trainied to be sucide bombers. However, there are those that commit suicide for other reasons such as not being able to take their way of living anymore, some women take their own lives due to not being able to handle being married to abusive drug addicted husbands. Men take their own lives simply due to not wanting to go on anymore. Authority Afghanistan has been for years a country struggling with authority issues. These struggles date back to the 16th century of the Mughal Empire and continues with the Taliban today. These historic struggles are responsible of the changing nature of political authority in this volatile region of our world. There have been many attempts from other groups to try and â€Å"conquer† the land but have to this day failed on all attempts. Beauty According to the Guardian, (the guardian.com) many people are only able to see the harsh, violent side of this country through news reports and other television shows, and do not have the chance to see its beauty. If one is able to visit this country, they could hopefully see past the negative and view the God’s beauty in country in landscapes and beautiful mountain tops.

The Works Of Pedro Almodovar Film Studies Essay

The Works Of Pedro Almodovar Film Studies Essay Pedro Almodà ³var, the Spanish film-maker, has always been considered in Hollywood to be a womans director (Maddison 2000). This definition actually connoted latent homosexuality and female-identified melodrama. However, this characteristic of Almodà ³vars works seems a little bit superfluous, as his films are best known for the mixture of reality and fiction, extraordinary messages and unique plots. Fiction and reality go together in the films by Pedro Almodà ³var. Sometimes it is next to impossible to differentiate between them, to decide what comes from real life and what was the play of directors imagination. One thing is true for sure: all films by Pedro Almodà ³var are united by the same central issue: the question of identity (Marsh 2006). He engages this issue in many different ways from the earliest work Pepi, Luci, Bom y las otras chicas del montà ³n (1980) to his most recent film Volver (Return) (2006). This is a key feature of Pedro Almodà ³var and it is consistently depicted through the motif of writing. He writes reality into existence and thereby changes it through fiction. Thus, the film-maker interrogates all forms of subject formation and subjectivity. The films of Pedro Almodà ³var abound in characters who adopt multiple pseudonyms, the repeated images of typewriters, the information transmitted through found notes, the eerie presence of ghostwriters (Mars h 2006). The film All About My Mother (Todo Sobre Mi Madre (1999)) is one of the best examples of interrelation of reality and fiction. The subject of the film is the definition of sexual identity. This point is a very important one, as Pedro Almodà ³var never introduces exclusively homosexual or heterosexual characters. On the contrary, the characters of the film perform their identities and so it is next to impossible to define what identity will be chosen by them at any moment. This point is present not only in All About My Mother, but in many other works of Pedro Almodà ³var (such as in his earlier work La Ley Deseo (1986), for example). Pedro Almodà ³var subverts identity through the human body. The director rejects the idea that a persons identity, his or her essence is contained in one single organ, such as heart, for instance. On the contrary, the combination of physical appearance alongside with inner content defines a certain gender of any person. Thus, Pedro Almodà ³var introduces a rather ironic scene when Agrado, the transsexual character of the film, delivers a rather comic and in the same time frank confession, giving all the details of the operations with her body that lead to her present feminine gender. Pedro Almodà ³var rather boldly undermines the Christian learning that presents human body as an inviolable and essential representation of being. The film-maker goes further and subverts identity. He proposes the body as a site of imitation. According to Pedro Almodà ³var (2010) the main topics of his film All About My Mother include womans ability to pretend, wounded motherhood and the spontaneous solidarity among women (Almodà ³var 2010). Although the film is a fiction, Manuelas reality is very grim and harsh. All her life she has to run away. First, she runs away from Barcelona to Madrid, carrying a son inside her. She runs away from her sons (Esteban) father. Eighteen years later Manuela has to run again in the opposite direction. Her son died and she returns to Barcelona to find his father and to tell him about the short life of the son he never knew about. She wants to leave Madrid, the city where Estebans life started and ended so quickly. Manuelas feelings are in confusion. Barcelona is the city of Estebans father. Madrid is Estebans city. Manuelas emotions are difficult to understand as she cannot sort them out herself. For her both these cities are incompatible and irreconcilable. When Esteban asked her about his father she always tried to change the subject of the conversation. She had a reason, as his father decided to take a feminine form and everybody called him Lola. Seventeen years she kept silent and at last Manuela promised to tell her son about his father on his birthday that happened to be Estebans last day. Esteban did not know his father. What appears to be reality for Manuela results in fiction for Esteban. Manuela runs away once more. It is Barcelona Madrid direction again; besides she is again with Esteban, a baby whose father is also Lola. It is rather symbolic. Manuela feels something like revival. She has a son to take care of, his name is Esteban and she is the only person left in this world to dedicate herself to this new life. Manuela realizes that her life is really extraordinary. She does not even comprehend herself sometimes what is true and what is not in her life; she herself cannot differentiate the boundaries between reality and fiction, because everything i s so real and so unusual in her life. She also realizes that she could be an actress if she wanted, as she sees in herself the ability to change and pretend. All About My Mother implies the ideas of female identification and introduce the concept of heterosocial bonds as a way of understanding the structures of knowledge (Maddison 2000). In fact, Manuela, the main character of the film, pushes herself to form alternative bonds between herself and other women in order to adjust to the difficulties caused by men in her life. It seems very clear that All About My Mother is a film with which Pedro Almodà ³var offers and extraordinary degree of female identification. This film has an emotionally intense, somber quality (Maddison 2000). The death of Esteban, Manuelas only son, catalyses the narration of the film. Besides, it nearly separates the political and emotional idea of motherhood from the performance of this role in the family. Almodà ³var presents female bonding that eliminates mens control and influence in the family. So, he points out that femininity is not the sole realm of women; nor is gender oppression the sole experience of wo men (Maddison 2000). The boundaries between real life and fiction are often blurred in the films by Pedro Almodà ³var. That is one of the reasons why his films are so popular, unique and extraordinary. No one can dispute this fact nevertheless he likes or dislikes Pedro Almodà ³vars works. That can be considered one of the distinguishing features of Almodà ³vars films. He mentions in one of his interviews (Almodà ³var 2006) that reality and fiction are sometimes absolutely fused in his films. All films by Pedro Almodà ³var can be characterized as a mixture of images and sounds, genres, changing genders and characters, actors and motifs. The director characterized that with the term collage (Rosen 2006). These collages create endless chains of echoes and reflections between fiction and reality. In his interview about his film Volver Pedro Almodà ³var says: The best way to tell a fiction (at least in my case) is to dress it with reality. Reality and fiction come together without confusion (2010).The film-maker claims that he can then hold the direct conversation with the film he is making. Sometimes it appears to be difficult even for the director to distinguish between reality and fiction. Pedro Almodà ³var just accepts the fact that films are his life. The films he makes just come from his life and sometimes it happens vice versa: his films give rise to life. All About My Mother has both the features of reality and fiction. Every picture is the result of the film-makers fantasy and imagination. However, this film is also a mourning of Almodà ³var for his own mother. Thus, the intertextual references make fiction and reality interpenetrate and it is already impossible to tell reality from fiction as it is impossible to differentiate between the grief of the mother who lost her only son and the grief of a son who lost his mother. The thirteenth film by Pedro Almodà ³var All About My Mother is considered by the critics to be the most accomplished directors film. It is dramatically rich and its emotional gravitas really does serve to recognize the power and quality of the film.